Research into attitudes to waste and recycling

Behavioural trend monitoring survey 

In 2023, we funded a three-year research project to understand and track changes in people’s attitudes, awareness and behaviours around waste minimisation. This is the third and final report. 

Each year, the research focused on measuring and comparing data from relevant policy areas within our work programme. 

Behavioural Trend Monitoring Survey 2025.

In 2025 the focus was on: 

• recycling and reducing behaviours 
• food waste 
• plastics 
• communications around reducing waste. 

What we found

• Recycling is common
  • 97 per cent of respondents say they recycle, mostly through council kerbside services. Confidence in the system is growing, and fewer believe recycling ends up in landfill. 
• Recycling habits are slipping slightly
  • While most respondents still rinse items and remove lids and packaging, these habits have declined. 
• Item recognition is mixed
  • Most correctly identify common recyclables like milk bottles and cans. However, fewer recognised glass jars as recyclable this year, and awareness of non-recyclables like juice cartons and coffee cups remains lower. 
• Drop-off recycling is increasing
  • More are using separate drop-off points, especially for electronics like batteries and devices. 
• Food waste remains an issue
  • While many report eating leftovers and planning meals, 78 per cent are still throwing food out before they could eat it, and 59 per cent are putting food waste in the rubbish bin (down 4 per cent from 2023). 
• Plastic waste challenges persist
  • Cost and limited alternatives are still barriers. Younger people are increasingly reporting confusion and a sense that their efforts don’t make a difference. 

Further insights 

Due to the length of the report, the published version is a summary of key insights.

In addition, AK Research and Consulting provided an interactive dashboard to analyse the survey data further. 

This dashboard lets you compare years and one question with another, enabling you to understand demographic data for individual behaviours. This data can help those undertaking research into waste minimisation behaviours, attitudes and beliefs in Aotearoa New Zealand. 

The dashboard is suited to those doing academic research or familiar with quantitative analysis. 

Contact WasteBehaviourChange@mfe.govt.nz to request access to the dashboard or the full report. 

Behavioural trend monitoring survey 

In 2023 we funded a three-year research project to understand and track changes in people’s attitudes, awareness and behaviours around waste minimisation. 

Each year, the research will focus on measuring and comparing data from relevant policy areas within our work programme. 

Behavioural Trend Monitoring Survey 2024

In 2024 the focus was on: 

• changes to kerbside recycling  
• recycling and reducing behaviours 
• repairing  
• food waste 
• single-use plastic bags 
• communications on reducing waste.

What we found

• Nearly all (96 per cent) claimed to recycle, mostly through council-run kerbside recycling. 
• There was a 4 per cent increase in mostly correctly identifying whether an item was recyclable or not.  
• Around a third (36 per cent), claimed to ‘always or often’ try to repair broken items rather than buy a new item. 
• Most households continued to claim that they tried to reduce food waste in many ways. The highest remained ‘eating leftovers’ (96 per cent, no change), ‘thinking about portion size’ (93 per cent, up 1 per cent), ‘using a shopping list’ (91 per cent, down 1 per cent), and ‘planning meals in advance’ (91 per cent, down 1 per cent). 
• The use of single-use produce bags declined this year (35 per cent, down 5 per cent), while there was an increase in those using a reuseable shopping bag (40 per cent, up 6 per cent) and using a reuseable produce bag (39 per cent, up 7per cent). 
• Likely driven by recent food waste reduction initiatives, recall increased significantly for information about ‘reducing your food waste’ (45 per cent, up 9 per cent) and having an ‘eat me first’ shelf in your fridge (17 per cent, up 9 per cent). 

Behavioural trend monitoring survey

In 2023 we funded research to understand and track changes in people's attitudes, awareness and behaviours around waste minimisation.

This research has been commissioned for the next three years. Each year, the research will focus on measuring and comparing data from relevant policy areas within our work programme. 

This year, the focus has been on:

• recycling and reducing behaviours
• food waste
• plastics
• communications around reducing waste. 

What we found

• People are doing a good job at recycling, mostly they are putting the right items into the recycling bins.
• Most frequent recycling and reusing behaviours are 'using reusable bags when shopping', (81%) 'recycling waste at home' (72%), ‘carrying a reusable water bottle’ (58%).
• The majority of people (72%) say that they actively try to reduce waste.
• Food waste is an important issue for New Zealanders, with 88% agreeing that wasting food feels wrong.
• Key reasons for wasting food were not eating leftovers and having food in the fridge/freezer 'going off'.
• Saving money (89%), managing home efficiently (82%) and valuing the effort to produce food (80%) were the strongest motivators to reduce food waste.
• Most (82%) agreed that reducing plastic waste was an important issue. 

Behavioural trend monitoring survey

We compared results

To track changes in practices from policy implementation and gain a deeper understanding of behaviours analysed, we compared the 2023 Behavioural Trend Monitoring Survey results with previous research. 

This included research by:

• the Ministry from 2018
• WasteMINZ in 2018 and 2020
• Rabobank from 2019 to 2022 [Rabobank NZ website].  

The main findings in this comparative report are:

• People are finding recycling easier (71%) and less confusing (37%) than in the past
• However people are less confident about what happens to their recycling than in previous surveys
• In general, recycling and reducing behaviours seem to have improved in the last few years
• More people are dropping off e-waste at a separate location for recycling (46%)
• The biggest barrier to reducing plastic waste is finding alternatives (40%)
• Leftovers not being eaten is a more prominent reason for wasting food than in previous years (37%). 

Public webinar presenting these results [PDF 2.2 MB]

In 2018, we commissioned research that examined New Zealanders' attitudes to recycling, waste reduction and use of plastic.  

We found that: 

• 50% of New Zealanders are very or extremely worried about the impacts of waste 
• 62% are highly committed to recycling 
• 55% are highly committed to reducing the amount of waste they generate.  

Read the Environmental attitudes baseline report [PDF, 6.9 MB]

In 2020, we co-funded research with WasteMINZ into household kerbside recycling behaviours.

We found that:

• 92% of New Zealanders felt fairly confident they placed the correct items in the recycling bin 
• 85% agreed it is worth taking the time to recycle correctly 
• 65% found recycling easy 
• when tested, on average respondents were only able to correctly identify whether 20 out of 30 items were recyclable or not.  

The research also investigated: 

• people’s commitment to recycling right  
• their knowledge and understanding of recycling symbols 
• how they prepare items for recycling 
• perceptions of compostable packaging 
• responsiveness to recycling messages. 

Read the full Rethinking rubbish and recycling research report [PDF 1.4 MB] 

In 2021, we co-funded further research with WasteMINZ into how to motivate people to recycle.

The research looked at:

• what motivated people to recycle more
• what types of messaging was more effective at influencing people’s behaviour.   

We found that:

• we need to make it easier for people to recycle 
• we need to make it more satisfying for people to recycle 
• positive messaging and humor is more effective.

Read the full research into recycling motivations [PDF, 7.3 MB]

In 2021, we funded research into home composting and home compostable packaging to find out how households were disposing of these products.

What we found

• 55% of respondents said they currently compost at home — a drop of 8% from the last national survey in 2008.
• Only 1% compost all materials that have been traditionally composted (eg, food scraps, garden waste).
• 82% agreed or strongly agreed that compostable packaging is better for the environment than plastic packaging. However, many held incorrect beliefs about compostable packaging — 49% said compostable packaging could be recycled when it cannot.

Read the full research

In 2018, we co-funded with Keep New Zealand Beautiful a National Litter Behaviour Study.

The purpose was to:

• provide baseline data on littering behaviour
• better understand attitudes towards litter in New Zealand.  

Litter in public places is likely to occur in a range of situations and ways  

• Litter disposed of from cars.
• Blowing out of bins. 
• Disposed of beside full bins.
• Litter potentially caused by waste and recycling collection processes.  
• Some people only litter in the evening (potentially once alcohol and/or a group mentality is involved).  

What we observed

• We observed people littering during the day in public places with litter bins present.  
• 16% of people littered, while 84% of people disposed of items correctly. 
• The items most likely to be littered were cigarette butts with 96% of the 1,705 disposal acts observed during the research littering of cigarette butts.  
• Of the people who were observed littering and were subsequently interviewed, 53% admitted to having littered.
• 44% of those surveyed littered within just five metres of their nearest bin.
• 42% per cent of the people who had been observed littering claimed to have never littered – all of these people had littered cigarette butts. 

Online survey findings

In an online survey:

• 93% of New Zealanders agreed that it was very or extremely important that people did not litter. 
• 13% admitted to having littered within the past week. 
• when asked why they had littered, they said that they had littered either because there were no bins (27%) or because they are lazy, don’t care, or were too busy (27%). 

Read the report: Litter behaviour study [Keep New Zealand Beautiful website]

In 2022, we funded Keep New Zealand Beautiful to develop a behaviour change programme to reduce illegal dumping. 

The first piece of research was a literature review into international strategies for tackling illegal dumping which concluded with 5 recommendations. 

Read the literature review [PDF, 718 KB] Keep New Zealand Beautiful website

In 2014, WasteMINZ funded the National Food Waste Prevention Study to obtain greater insight into the attitudes and perceptions of why people waste food.  

What the study found

• 89% of New Zealanders agreed wasting food feels wrong. 
• 88% value the food they buy and don’t want to throw it away. 
• 82% consider food waste reduction to be an important issue.
• 27% of households were found to be high food wasters.  

High food wasters

High food wasters were more likely to be: 

• younger people - aged 16 to 24 years  
• large households those with 5 or more people living in them  
• households with children 15 years and under  
• households with a high annual income ($100,000 per annum or more). 

Read the full report (PDF, 1.9 MB) [Love Food Hate Waste website]

This literature review identifies the behavioural insights from successful household and business food waste reduction initiatives that have been trialled and evaluated internationally.

The review focuses on behavioural initiatives and interventions rather than traditional levers for change such as technological fixes, process improvements, or economic incentives and disincentives. 

Read the literature review [PDF, 1.5 MB]

We cofunded with WasteMINZ the Love Food Hate Waste campaign from 2016 to 2018. 

In 2018, an online survey was repeated to measure if there had been any changes in peoples’ attitudes and behaviours towards food waste. 

The 2018 online survey found that: 

• awareness of food waste as an issue has increased since 2014, but people still don’t think they waste a lot of food 
• even amongst high food wasters only 8% perceived their food waste as being quite a lot, while more than half perceived their food wastage as ‘a little or very little’  
• people were increasingly taking action to reduce their food waste, with six or more actions being implemented on average  
• there had been significant increases in positive behaviours such as making a shopping list and a decrease in negative behaviours such as throwing away uneaten leftovers  
• the overall number of high food wasters has decreased and the number of low food wasters has increased since 2014 which indicates that overall attitudes and behaviours are moving in the right direction. 

Find out more about the Love Food Hate Waste campaign evaluation (PDF, 1.5 MB) [Love Food Hate Waste website]

In 2023 we funded research to understand the barriers to participation in kerbside food scraps collections. 

The research explores residents' experiences of food scrap collection service in their area. People across four local council areas took part in the research. The research is divided into two reports.

The first report includes information on participation and sets out rates for food scraps collections.

It includes a survey of those who don’t use the service to understand why not and  finally a bin audit was conducted to understand how much food was being placed in rubbish bins and bags by those who didn’t use the service.

See research into barriers to use of food scraps collections

The second report summarises findings from focus groups of people who didn’t use the food scraps collections.

It covers:

•  why participants were not using the service
• participants' understanding and knowledge of food scraps and how to dispose of them
• motivations for using the food scraps collection service
• communication channels for sharing information about the food scraps collection service.

See food scraps collection services qualitative research 

About the research

Kōtātā Insight conducted a national survey of 1,162 respondents in March 2022 for the Ministry for the Environment. As part of the survey participants were asked about how they dispose of garden waste.   

Key findings 

• 24% of respondents have no garden 
• Of those who garden 25% have materials such as bamboo and flax which can’t be accepted in commercial composting facilities 
• 19% of respondents use their rubbish bin to dispose of garden waste, but it is the main means for only 12% of respondents 
• 19% of those who use a rubbish bin say it is because they have very little garden waste and 9% because they have material which they believe is unsuitable for home composting (eg, weeds or infected fruit).  

Households with gardens

* Proportion of full sample (n = 1162) 

Types of plants grown

* Proportion of those who have either a garden or a balcony with pot plants (n = 965) 

Note: bamboo, flax and cabbage trees are typically too fibrous to be accepted in garden waste collections. 

Disposal options for garden waste

* Proportion of those who have either a garden or a balcony with pot plants (n = 965) 

Main disposal method

* Proportion of those who have either a garden or a balcony with pot plants (n = 965) 

Reason for using rubbish bin as a disposal method

Biases in the sample

While typically a survey would be nationally representative there are some small biases to this sample. 

• Women are somewhat overrepresented. 
• In terms of age, the survey sample approximates the age distribution in the overall population well. However, there is an underrepresentation of people between 18 and 24 years of age.
• Despite strong efforts by the market research company to boost Māori survey responses, working with three additional partners to increase their reach, the final sample includes relatively lower counts for people of Māori as well as people of Pacific ethnicity.
• In terms of household income, the samples include relatively higher counts of those in the lower-income groups and lower counts of people in the higher-income groups.  

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If you have any questions, please email the National Waste Data Reporting team at info@mfe.govt.nz.