Acaroglu L. (2019). The anatomy of action for sustainable living. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/default/files/from-crm/anatomy_of_action_validation_full_0.pdf 

Aguilera R, Corringham T, Gershunov A, Leibel S, & Benmarhnia T. (2021). Fine particles in wildfire smoke and pediatric respiratory health in California. Pediatrics, 147(4), e2020027128. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-027128 

AI Forum New Zealand. (2022). Artificial Intelligence for the Environment of Aotearoa New Zealand. https://aiforum.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/AI-for-the-Environment-Report-2022-1.pdf 

Allan S, Bell RG, Forkink A. (2023). Coastal realignment: Another coastal challenge. Policy Quarterly 19(1): 50–57. https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v19i1.8105  

Ammar SE, Mclntyre M, Baker MG, & Hales S. (2021). Imported arboviral infections in New Zealand, 2001 to 2017: A risk factor for local transmission. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 41, 102047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102047 

Anderson OF, Stephenson F, Behrens E, & Rowden AA. (2022). Predicting the effects of climate change on deep-water coral distribution around New Zealand: Will there be suitable refuges for protection at the end of the 21st century? Global Change Biology, 28(22), 6556–6576. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16389 

Anderson TJ, Morrison M, MacDiarmid A, Clark M, D’Archino R, Nelson W, … & Wadhwa S. (2019). Review of New Zealand’s key biogenic habitats. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research report 2018139WN, prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/Publications/Files/NZ-biogenic-habitat-review.pdf 

Andrew IG, Macfarlane RP, Johns PM, Hitchmough RA, & Stringer IAN. (2012). The conservation status of New Zealand Diptera. New Zealand Entomologist, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2012.686312  

Aotearoa Circle. (2023). Tourism Sector Climate Change Scenarios. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/62439881aa935837b9ad6ac9/t/642cea446df4a245d8641bad/1680665189109/P0381992_Aotearoa+Circle+Report_Tourism_Scenarios+v07.pdf 

Asher C. (2023). Microplastics Pose Risk to Ocean Plankton, Climate, Other Key Earth Systems. https://news.mongabay.com/2023/10/microplastics-pose-risk-to-ocean-plankton-climate-other-key-earth-systems/  

Asthma Foundation NZ. (2021). What is Thunderstorm Asthma? https://www.asthmafoundation.org.nz/stories/what-is-thunderstorm-asthma 

Auckland Council. (nd). Ngā Wero Matua ki Tāmaki Makaurau | Auckland’s Key Challenges. https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/auckland-plan/about-the-auckland-plan/Pages/aucklands-key-challenges.aspx  

Auckland Council. (2024). Te Whakawātea mō te Wai Making Space for Water. https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/environment/looking-after-aucklands-water/Pages/making-space-for-water.aspx 

Auliagisni W, Wilkinson S, & Elkharboutly M. (2022). Flood risk management in New Zealand: A case study of the Northland urban community. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1101(2). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/2/022035 

Ausseil AGE, Jamali H, Clarkson BR, & Golubiewski NE. (2015). Soil carbon stocks in wetlands of New Zealand and impact of land conversion since European settlement. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23, 947–961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9432-4 

Ausseil AGE, Law RM, Parker AK, & Teixeira EI. (2021). Projected wine grape cultivar shifts due to climate change in New Zealand. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 618039. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.618039 

Awatere S, King DN, Reid J, Williams L, Masters-Awatere B, Harris P, … & Jackson AM. (2021). He Huringa Āhuarangi, he Huringa Ao: A Changing Climate, a Changing World. Contract report LC3948. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/assets/researchpubs/He-huringa-ahuarangi-he-huringa-ao-a-changing-climate-a-changing-world.pdf  

Awatere S, Robb M, Taura Y, Reihana K, Harmsworth G, Te Maru J, & Watene-Rawiri E. (2018). Wai Ora Wai Māori – A kaupapa Māori Assessment Tool. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/assets/Publications/Policy-Briefing-Guidance-Papers/Policy-Brief-19-Wai-Ora-Wai-Maori.pdf  

Bailey-Winiata APS. (2021). Understanding the Potential Exposure of Coastal Marae and Urupā in Aotearoa New Zealand to Sea Level Rise. [Master’s thesis, University of Waikato]. https://hdl.handle.net/10289/14567 

Baker CF, Jowett IG, Allibone RM. (2003). Habitat use by non-migratory Otago galaxiids and implications for water management. Science for Conservation 221, Department of Conservation. https://dcon01mstr0c21wprod.azurewebsites.net/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sfc221.pdf 

Baker M, Prickett M, Pourzand F, Kerr J, & Hales S. (2023). Queenstown Outbreak Highlights Future Challenges for Clean Drinking Water. https://www.phcc.org.nz/briefing/queenstown-outbreak-highlights-future-challenges-clean-drinking-water 

Barker GM, Brook FJ, Mahlfeld K, Walker K, Roscoe DJ, Hitchmough R, Edwards ED, Rolfe JR, & Michel P. (2021). Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous terrestrial Gastropoda (slugs and snails), 2020. Part 1, Athoracophoridae (leaf-veined slugs) and Succineidae (amber snails). Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs32entire.pdf  

Basher LR. (2013). Erosion processes and their control in New Zealand. In JR Dymond (Ed), Ecosystem Services in New Zealand: Conditions and Trends (pp 363–374). Manaaki Whenua Press. http://www.mwpress.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/77053/2_7_Basher.pdf 

Basher LR, Hicks DM, Clapp B, & Hewitt T. (2011). Sediment yield response to large storm events and forest harvesting, Motueka River, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45(3), 333–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2011.570350 

Bay of Plenty Regional Council. (nd). Mount Maunganui Industrial Air Quality. https://www.boprc.govt.nz/environment/air/mt-maunganui-air-project/ 

Behrens E, Rickard G, Rosier S, Williams J, Morgenstern O, & Stone D. (2022). Projections of future marine heatwaves for the oceans around New Zealand using New Zealand’s Earth System Model. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 798287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.798287 

Bell KM, Samarasinghe O, Riggs L, & Pourzand F. (2021). Empirical Effects of Drought and Climate Change on Farms and Rural Communities. https://deepsouthchallenge.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Empirical-effects-of-drought-and-climate-Final-Report.pdf 

Bell R, Hannah J, & Andrews C. (2022). Update to 2020 of the Annual Mean Sea Level Series and Trends around New Zealand. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/update-to-mean-sea-level-series-and-trends.pdf 

Bennet MJ, & Kingston DG. (2022). Spatial patterns of atmospheric vapour transport and their connection to drought in New Zealand. International Journal of Climatology, 42(11), 5661–5681. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7554 

Bennett H, Jones R, Keating G, Woodward A, Hales S, & Metcalfe S. (2014). Health and equity impacts of climate change in Aotearoa-New Zealand, and health gains from climate action. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1406), 16–31. http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/subscribe 

Bennion M, Brough T, Leunissen E, Morrison M, Hillman JR, Rowden AA, … & Lundquist CJ. (2024). Modelling spatial distributions of biogenic habitat-forming taxa to inform marine spatial planning. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 34(3): e4079. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.4079 

Benson M, McKay AM, Ruru M, Ruru I, & Ruru R. (2020). Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Mutunga Mauri Compass Assessment of the Urenui River and the Mimitangiatua River Authors. https://www.trc.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Environment/Consent-applications/Remediation2019/Hearing/submitters/Remediation-NgatiMutunga-McKay-attachment.pdf 

Binns CW, Lee MK, Maycock B, Torheim LE, Nanishi K, & Duong DTT. (2021). Climate change, food supply, and dietary guidelines. Annual review of public health, 42, 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105044  

BirdCare Aotearoa. (2022). Botulism. https://birdcareaotearoa.org.nz/botulism/ 

Blanc E, & Noy I. (2024). Damages and Costs of Forest Wildfires in New Zealand Using Satellite Data. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4159989/v1 

Blaschke P, Pedersen Zari M, Chapman R, Randal E, Perry M, Howden-Chapman P, & Gyde E. (2024). Multiple roles of green space in the resilience, sustainability and equity of Aotearoa New Zealand’s cities. Land, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/land13071022  

BNZ. (2024). BNZ Māori business sentiment survey. https://blog.bnz.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/BNZ-Maori-Business-Sentiment-Survey_analysis.pdf 

Boamponsem LK, Hopke PK, & Davy PK. (2024). Long-term trends and source apportionment of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and gaseous pollutants in Auckland, New Zealand. Atmospheric Environment, 322, 120392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120392  

Bodeker G, Cullen N, Katurji M, McDonald A, Morgenstern O, Noone D, … & Tait A. (2022). Aotearoa New Zealand Climate Change Projections Guidance: Interpreting the Latest IPCC WG1 Report Findings. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/aotearoa-new-zealand-climate-change-projections-guidance/ 

Boehler S, Strecker R, Heinrich P, Prochazka E, Northcott GL, Ataria JM, … & Tremblay LA. (2017). Assessment of urban stream sediment pollutants entering estuaries using chemical analysis and multiple bioassays to characterise biological activities. Science of the Total Environment, 593–594, 498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.209 

Boffa Miskell. (2020). The Big Dry: What Drought Means for Our Indigenous Biodiversity. https://www.boffamiskell.co.nz/news-insights/the-big-dry-what-drought-means-for-our-indigenous-biodiversity 

Bond MO, Anderson BJ, Henare THA, & Wehi PM. (2019). Effects of climatically shifting species distributions on biocultural relationships. People and Nature, 1(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.15 

Bond TC, Doherty SJ, Fahey DW, Forster PM, Berntsen T, DeAngelo BJ, ... & Zender CS. (2013). Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(11), 5380–5552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171 

Booker DJ, & Snelder TH. (2023). Climate change and local anthropogenic activities have altered river flow regimes across Canterbury, New Zealand. Water Resources Management, 37, 2657–2674. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-022-03233-x 

Booth JD. (2020). Reviewing the far-reaching ecological impacts of human-induced terrigenous sedimentation on shallow marine ecosystems in a northern-New Zealand embayment. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(4), 593–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2020.1738505 

Borkin KM, O’Donnell C, & Parsons S. (2011). Bat colony size reduction coincides with clear-fell harvest operations and high rates of roost loss in plantation forest. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20(14), 3537–3548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0144-7 

Boucher O, Randall D, Artaxo P, Bretherton C, Feingold G, Forster P, … & Zhang XY. (2013). Clouds and aerosols. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp 571–657). Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter07_FINAL-1.pdf 

BPAC (Best Practice Advocacy Centre New Zealand). (2020). Consider Blue-green Algal Blooms This Summer: Identifying and Managing Suspected Cyanotoxin Poisoning in Primary Care. https://bpac.org.nz/2020/docs/cyanobacteria.pdf 

Bradshaw CJA, Giam X, & Sodhi NS. (2010). Evaluating the relative environmental impact of countries. PLoS ONE, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010440  

Brahney J, Ballantyne AP, Vandergoes M, Baisden T, & Neff JC. (2019). Increased dust deposition in New Zealand related to twentieth century Australian land use. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124(5), 1181–1193. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004627 

Brandt AJ, Bellingham PJ, Duncan RP, Etherington TR, Fridley JD, Howell CJ, … & Peltzer DA. (2020). Naturalised plants transform the composition and function of the New Zealand flora. Biological Invasions, 23(2), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02393-4 

Bridson JH, Masterton H, Knight B, Paris CF, Abbel R, Northcott GL, & Gaw S. (2024). Quantification of additives in beached plastic debris from Aotearoa New Zealand. Science of the Total Environment, 949, 175251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175251 

Brierley G, Fuller I, Williams G, Hikuroa D, & Tilley A. (2022). Re-Imagining Wild Rivers in Aotearoa New Zealand. Land, 11(8), 1272. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081272 

Brierley GJ, Hikuroa D, Fuller IC, Tunnicliffe J, Allen K, Brasington J, … & Measures R. (2023). Reanimating the strangled rivers of Aotearoa New Zealand. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 10(2), e1624. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1624 

Brockerhoff EG, Barbaro L, Castagneyrol B, Forrester DI, Gardiner B, González-Olabarria JR, … & Jactel, H. (2017). Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26(13), 3005–3035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1453-2  

Brownstein G, & Monks A. (2024). Adjacent land-use intensification facilitates plant invasions into indigenous shrubland fragments. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 48(1), 3569. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.48.3569 

Buckley TR, Boyer S, Bartlam S, Hitchmough R, Rolfe JR, & Stringer I. (2015). Conservation status of New Zealand earthworms, 2014. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/nztcs10entire.pdf  

Buckley TR, Hitchmough R, Rolfe JR, & Stringer I. (2016). Conservation status of New Zealand stick insects, 2014. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs15-entire.pdf  

Burdon FJ, McIntosh AR, & Harding JS. (2013). Habitat loss drives threshold response of benthic invertebrate communities to deposited sediment in agricultural streams. Ecological Applications, 23(5), 1036–1047. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1190.1 

Burge OR, Price R, Wilmshurst JM, Blyth JM, & Robertson HA. (2023). LiDAR reveals drains risks to wetlands have been under-estimated. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 47(1), 3523. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3523  

Burge OR, Law R, & Wakefield S. (2025). A spatial layer of human terrestrial pressures for New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 49(1), 3580. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.49.3580  

Burkett M. (2011). In Search of Refuge: Pacific Islands, Climate-induced Migration, and the Legal Frontier Analysis from the East-West Center. https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/search-refuge-pacific-islands-climate-induced-migration-and-legal-frontier 

Burns RJ, Armstrong DP, Bell BD, Haigh A, Germano J, Rawlence NJ, Thurley T, Hitchmough, RA, Makan T, & Michel P. (2025). Conservation status of amphibians in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2024. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs44entire.pdf  

Buxton RT, Currey CA, Lyver POB, & Jones CJ. (2013). Incidence of plastic fragments among burrow-nesting seabird colonies on offshore islands in northern New Zealand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 74(1), 420–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.011 

Cai W, Ng B, Geng T, Jia F, Wu L, Wang G, ... & McPhaden MJ. (2023). Anthropogenic impacts on twentieth-century ENSO variability changes. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4(6), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00427-8 

Campbell JR. (2010). Climate-induced community relocation in the Pacific: The meaning and importance of land. In J McAdam (Ed), Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (pp 57–80). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 

Cañedo-Argüelles M, Kefford BJ, Piscart C, Prat N, Schäfer RB, & Schulz CJ. (2013). Salinisation of rivers: An urgent ecological issue. Environmental Pollution, 173, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.011 

Caradus JR. (2023). Intended and unintended consequences of genetically modified crops: Myth, fact and/or manageable outcomes? New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 66(6), 519–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2022.2141273 

Carver RE, & Tweed FS. (2021). Cover the ice or ski on grass? The dilemmas facing ski tourism in a deglaciating world. Geography, 106(3), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1970926 

Case B, Hall D, Day N, Hermans S, & Buckley H. (2023). What is the role of biodiversity in mediating the effects of climate change on New Zealand’s future agroecosystems? New Zealand Economic Papers, 57(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2023.2191613  

Chand SS, Walsh KJE, Camargo SJ, Kossin JP, Tory KJ, Wehner MF, … & Murakami H. (2022). Declining tropical cyclone frequency under global warming. Nature Climate Change, 12, 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01388-4 

Chapman RB. (2010). A Review of Insecticide Use on Pastures and Forage Crops in New Zealand. Christchurch: AgResearch. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/river-water-quality-state-and-trends.pdf 

Chapman DF, Mackay AD, Caradus JR, Clark DA, & Goldson SL. (2024). Pasture productivity in New Zealand 1990–2020: Trends, expectations, and key factors. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2024.2425071 

Charlson F, Ali S, Benmarhnia T, Pearl M, Massazza A, Augustinavicius J, & Scott JG. (2021). Climate change and mental health: A scoping review. Public Health, 18, 4486. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33922573/ 

Chaseling GK, Morris NB, & Ravanelli N. (2023). Extreme heat and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in Australia and New Zealand: What do we know? Heart Lung and Circulation, 32(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2022.10.010 

Cheriyan D, & Choi J-H. (2020). A review of research on particulate matter pollution in the construction industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254, 120077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120077 

Ciais P, Chris S, Govindasamy B, Bopp L, Brovkin V, Canadell J, … & Heimann M. (2013). Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp 465–570). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ 

Cieraad E, & Farnworth B. (2023). Lighting trends reveal state of the dark sky cloak: Light at night and its ecological impacts in Aotearoa New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 47(1). https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3559 

Clapcott J, Casanovas P, & Doehring K. (2019). Indicators of freshwater quality based on deposited sediment and rapid habitat assessment. Cawthron Institute, Report No. 3402. 

Clapcott JE, Young RG, Harding JS, Matthaei CD, Quinn JM, & Death RG. (2011). Sediment assessment methods: Protocols and guidelines for assessing the effects of deposited fine sediment on in-stream values. Nelson, New Zealand, Cawthron Institute. 

Clark BL, Carneiro AP, Pearmain EJ, Rouyer MM, Clay TA, Cowger W, ... & Quillfeldt P. (2023). Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds. Nature Communications, 14(1), 3665. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38900-z 

Clark MR, Bowden DA, Rowden AA, & Stewart R. (2019). Little evidence of benthic community resilience to bottom trawling on seamounts after 15 years. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(63), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00063 

Clark MR, Bowden DA, Stewart R, Rowden AA, & Goode SL. (2022a). Seamount recovery: Analysis of 20 years of Time-series Data from the Graveyard Knolls, Chatham Rise, New Zealand. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 292. 25 p. https://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/NZAEBR-292.pdf 

Clark MR, Wood B, Macka K, Anderson OF, Hart A, Rickard G, & Rowden AA. (2022b). Underwater Topographic Features in the New Zealand Region: Development of an updated ‘SEAMOUNT’ database and information on the extent and intensity of deep-sea trawl fisheries on them. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 291. 28 p. https://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/NZAEBR-291.pdf 

Clarkson B, Ausseil A, & Gerbeaux P. (2013). Wetland ecosystem services. In JR Dymond (Ed), Ecosystem Services in New Zealand: Conditions and Trends (pp 192–202). Manaaki Whenua Press. https://climateandnature.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Wetland-Ecosystem-Services-2013.pdf 

Clarkson BD. (2022). Reversing biodiversity decline in Aotearoa New Zealand. Policy Quarterly, 18(2), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v18i2.7576 

Clere IK, Ahmmed F, Peter III JG, Fraser-Miller SJ, Gordon KC, Komyakova V, & Allan BJ. (2022). Quantification and characterization of microplastics in commercial fish from southern New Zealand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 184, 114121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114121 

Climate Commission. (2021). Chapter 7: Reducing emissions from agriculture. Ināia tonu nei: Supporting evidence – Part 2: Sectoral challenges and opportunities. https://www.climatecommission.govt.nz/public/Evidence-21/Evidence-CH-7-reducing-emissions-agriculture.pdf  

Close M, & Banasiak L. (2023a). National Survey of Pesticides in Groundwater 2022. ESR, Client Report no. CSC23010. 

Close M, & Banasiak L. (2023b). National Survey of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater 2022. ESR, Client Report no. CSC23006. https://www.esr.cri.nz/digital-library/national-survey-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-in-groundwater-2022/ 

Close ME, Humphries B, & Northcott G. (2021). Outcomes of the first combined national survey of pesticides and emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in groundwater in New Zealand 2018. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142005 

Clothier B, Hall A, & Green S. (2012). Chapter 6: Horticulture: Adapting the horticultural and vegetable industries to climate change. In AJ Clark, RAC Nottage, L Wilcocks, JM Lee, C Burke, E Kalaugher, … B Cowie (Eds), Impacts of Climate Change on Land-based Sectors and Adaptation Options. Ministry for Primary Industries. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/26788/sitemap 

Clough P. (2013). The value of ecosystem services for recreation. In JR Dymond (Ed), Ecosystem Services in New Zealand: Conditions and Trends (pp 330–342). Manaaki Whenua Press. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/77050/2_4_Clough.pdf 

Collier K, Clearwater S, Harmsworth G, Taura Y, & Reihana K. (2017). Physical and Chemical Attributes Affecting Survival and Collection of Freshwater Mahinga Kai Species. Environmental Research Institute report no. 106. https://webstatic.niwa.co.nz/library/ERI_106.pdf 

Collins D, Zammit C, Willsman A, & Henderson R. (2015). Surface Water Components of New Zealand’s National Water Accounts, 1995–2014. NIWA, Client Report no. CHC2015-013-v2. 

Craig H, Wild A, & Paulik R. (2023). Dairy farming exposure and impacts from coastal flooding and sea level rise in Aotearoa-New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104079  

Cummings VJ, Lundquist CJ, Dunn MR, Francis M, Horn P, Law C, … & Mielbrecht E. (2021). Assessment of Potential Effects of Climate-related Changes in Coastal and Offshore Waters on New Zealand’s Seafood Sector. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 261. https://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/45265-AEBR-261-Assessment-Of-Potential-Effects-Of-Climate-Change-On-Seafood-Sector-3389.pdf 

Curran-Cournane F, & Rush E. (2021). Feeding the New Zealand family of five million, 5+ a day of vegetables? Earth, 2(4), 797–808. https://doi.org/10.3390/EARTH2040047 

Curran-Cournane F, Carrick S, Barnes MG, Ausseil A-G, Drewry JJ, Bain IA, … & Morell L. (2021a). Cumulative effects of fragmentation and development on highly productive land in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 66(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2021.1918185 

Curran-Cournane F, Donavan M, Merfield C, & Taitoko M. (2021b). Place-based Approach to Assessing the Impact of Regenerative Agriculture in New Zealand. https://ourlandandwater.nz/outputs/place-based-approaches-to-assessing-the-impact-of-regenerative-agriculture-in-nz/ 

Curran-Cournane F, Golubiewski N, & Buckthought L. (2018). The odds appear stacked against versatile land: Can we change them? New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 61(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2018.1430590 

D’Amato G, Annesi-Maesano I, Urrutia-Pereira M, del Giacco S, Rosario Filho NA, Chong-Neto HJ, … & D’Amato M. (2021). Thunderstorm allergy and asthma: State of the art. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 16(1), 806. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672486/ 

Damialis A, Smith M, & Galán C. (2021). Editorial: Climate change and aeroallergens. Frontiers in Allergy, 2, 794430. https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2021.794430 

Dasgupta P. (2021). Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review: Headline Messages. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/60182857d3bf7f70c2afe5bb/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf 

Davis JP, & Hepburn CD. (2020). Southland Regional Marine Invasive Species Surveillance and Compliance Plan. Department of Marine Science, University of Otago. Prepared for Environment Southland. https://www.envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/2027-ESRC292-Southland-Regional-Marine-Invasive-Species-Surveillance-and-Compliance-Plan.pdf 

Davis S, Chen G, & Darvill N. (2023). Housing and food production: Resident and grower perceptions of peri-urban food-production landscapes. Land, 12(12), 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122091 

Davy PK, Trompetter WJ, Revell LE, & Hardacre C. (2024). Evaluation of New Zealand’s Background Particulate Matter Sources. GNS Science Consultancy Report 2024/53. GNS CR 2024/53. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/Environmental-Reporting/Evaluation-of-New-Zealands-background-particulate-matter-sources.pdf  

De Bhowmick G, Sarmah AK, Dubey B. (2021). Microplastics in the NZ environment: Current status and future directions. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 3, 100076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100076 

Deep South. (2021). National Hydrological and Water Resource Impacts of Climate Change. Compilation of Outputs. https://deepsouthchallenge.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Deep-South-Hydro-Phase-One-output-compilation-Nov2021.pdf 

de Lange, PJ, Gosden J, Courtney SP, Fergus AJ, Barkla JW, Beadel SM, … & Michel P. (2024). Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs43entire.pdf  

Deloitte. (2018). New Zealand’s Food Story: The Pukekohe Hub. https://www.hortnz.co.nz/assets/Environment/National-Env-Policy/JR-Reference-Documents-/Deloitte-Pukekohe-Food-Story-Final-Report.pdf 

Deloitte. (2023). Economic uncertainty puts pressure on sustainable behavior change. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/environmental-social-governance/sustainable-consumer-behaviors.html 

Devane ML, Weaver L, Singh SK, & Gilpin BJ. (2018). Fecal source tracking methods to elucidate critical sources of pathogens and contaminant microbial transport through New Zealand agricultural watersheds: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 222, 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.033 

Diprose G, Kannemeyer R, Edwards P, & Greenaway A. (2022). Participatory biosecurity practices: Myrtle rust an unwanted pathogen in Aotearoa New Zealand. New Zealand Geographer, 78(3), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12347 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (nd-a). Gold Clams. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/freshwater-pests/gold-clams/ 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (nd-b). Freshwater Pests. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/freshwater-pests/ 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (2011). Attitudes to Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/about-doc/role/visitor-research/attitudes-to-conservation.pdf 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (2020). Biodiversity in Aotearoa: An Overview of State, Trends and Pressures. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/biodiversity/anzbs-2020-biodiversity-report.pdf 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (2021a). Domestic customer segmentation research: New Zealanders engaging with the environment, biodiversity and conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/about-doc/role/visitor-research/nzers-and-the-environment.pdf 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (2021b). Queen Charlotte Track Fully Reopens. https://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2021-media-releases/queen-charlotte-track-fully-reopens/ 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (2023). Long-term Insights Briefing. Technologies and data that can transform how we monitor and protect biodiversity. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/about-doc/long-term-insights-briefings/2023/ltib2023-doc-linz.pdf#page=19.11 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (2024a). Hector’s and Māui Dolphin Incident Database. https://www.doc.govt.nz/our-work/hectors-and-maui-dolphin-incident-database/ 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (2024b). Understanding summer activity. Making sense of what people did in the outdoors over the 2023.24 summer. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/about-doc/role/visitor-research/understanding-2023-2024-summer-activity.pdf 

DOC (Department of Conservation). (2024c). Ōkura Bush Walkway. https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/auckland/places/okura-bush-scenic-reserve/tracks/okura-bush-walkway/ 

Donovan M. (2022). Modelling soil loss from surface erosion at high-resolution to better understand sources and drivers across land uses and catchments: A national-scale assessment of Aotearoa, New Zealand. Environmental Modelling and Software, 147, 105228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105228 

Douglas EJ, Bulmer RH, MacDonald IT, & Lohrer AM. (2022). Estuaries as coastal reactors: Importance of shallow seafloor habitats for primary productivity and nutrient transformation, and impacts of sea level rise. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 56(3), 553–569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2022.2107027 

DPMC (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister Chief Science Advisor). (2024). Water-borne illnesses in Aotearoa New Zealand – past, present, future. https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/special-programmes/prime-ministers-chief-science-advisor-archives/archive/gerrard-2021-2024 

Driver T, Guenther M, & Saunders C. (2023). The Matrix of Drivers: 2023 Update. Prepared for Our Land and Water National Science Challenge by Agribusiness & Economics Research Unit, Lincoln University. https://agresearch.figshare.com/articles/report/The_Matrix_of_Drivers_2023_Update/26001613/1/files/46944658.pdf 

Dudley BD, Burge OR, Plew D, & Zeldis J. (2020). Effects of agricultural and urban land cover on New Zealand’s estuarine water quality. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(3), 372–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2020.1729819 

Dunn MR, Finucci B, Sutton P, & Pinkerton MH. (2022). Review of Commercial Fishing Interactions with Marine Reptiles. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric research report 2022147WN, prepared for the Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-conservation-services/reports/202122-annual-plan/int2021-03-review-of-commercial-fishing-interactions-with-marine-reptiles-final-report.pdf 

Dymond JR, Sabetizade M, Newsome PF, Harmsworth GR, & Ausseil A-G. (2021). Revised extent of wetlands in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 45(2), 1–8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48621882 

Edwards P, Stahlmann-Brown P, & Thomas S. (2020). Pernicious pests and public perceptions: Wilding conifers in Aotearoa New Zealand. Land Use Policy, 97, 104759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104759 

EECA. (nd). Hydro. https://www.eeca.govt.nz/insights/energy-in-new-zealand/renewable-energy/hydroelectricity/ 

EECA. (2025). A deep dive into how New Zealand businesses approach energy use and climate change. https://www.eeca.govt.nz/insights/eeca-insights/a-deep-dive-into-how-new-zealand-businesses-approach-energy-use-and-climate-change/ 

Egan E, Woolley JM, & Williams E. (2020). Assessing the Vulnerability of Taonga Freshwater Species to Climate Change. https://niwa.co.nz/te-kuwaha/ccva 

EHINZ (Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand). (nd-a). Population Size and Change. https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/population-vulnerability/population-size-and-change/#population-size-and-change-can-affect-environmental-health 

EHINZ (Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand). (nd-b). About Air Quality and Health. https://ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/air-quality/air-qual/ 

EHINZ (Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand). (2020). Main Types of Heating Used to Heat Dwellings. https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/assets/Surveillance-reports/Released_2020/19446-Types-of-Heating-FA2.pdf 

EHINZ (Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand). (2022). Monitoring the Health Effects of Climate Change. https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/climate-change/climate-change-is-a-health-issue/ 

EHINZ (Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand). (2023). Number of Motor Vehicles. https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/assets/Factsheets/Released_2023/2023_FS_NumberOfVehicles.pdf 

EHINZ (Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand). (2024a). Potentially Waterborne Disease Notification Rates. https://ehinz.ac.nz/assets/Surveillance-reports/Released_2024/Notifications-of-potentially-waterborne-diseases.pdf 

EHINZ (Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand). (2024b). Social vulnerability to the impacts of climate-related hazards in Aotearoa New Zealand. Wellington: Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand, Massey University. https://www.climatecommission.govt.nz/public/Monitoring-and-reporting/NAPPA-2024/3.a-EHINZ_Social-vulnerability-to-the-impacts-of-climate-related-hazards.pdf  

Ekanayake JC, & Hedley CB. (2018). Advances in information provision from wireless sensor networks for irrigated crops. Wireless Sensor Network, 10(4), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.4236/wsn.2018.104004 

Electricity Authority. (2023). The Impact of Our Climate on Hydro Generation. https://www.ea.govt.nz/news/eye-on-electricity/the-impact-of-our-climate-on-hydro-generation/ 

ESR (Institute of Environmental Science and Research). (nd). Notifiable disease dashboard. https://www.esr.cri.nz/digital-library/notifiable-disease-dashboard/  

ESR (Institute of Environmental Science and Research). (2023). Air Pollution: Health Risk Assessment Mount Maunganui. https://www.esr.cri.nz/digital-library/environmental-health-report-air-pollution-health-risk-assessment-mount-maunganui/ 

ESR (Institute of Environmental Science and Research). (2024). Microplastics in Aotearoa New Zealand: Local Sources and Broad Impacts. https://www.esr.cri.nz/news-publications/microplastics-in-aotearoa-new-zealand-local-sources-and-broad-impacts/ 

Etherington TR, Peltzer DA, & Wyse SV. (2022). Future climates are predicted to alter the potential distributions of non-native conifer species in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 46(1), 3473. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.14 

Falcón J, Torriglia A, Attia D, Viénot F, Gronfier C, Behar-Cohen F, … & Hicks D. (2020). Exposure to artificial light at night and the consequences for flora, fauna, and ecosystems. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.602796  

Fan W, Salmond JA, Dirks KN, Cabedo Sanz P, Miskelly GM, & Rindelaub JD. (2022). Evidence and mass quantification of atmospheric microplastics in a coastal New Zealand city. Environmental Science and Technology, 56(24), 17556–17568. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c05850 

FAO. (nd). Conceptual framework. Inclusive and Sustainable Territories and Landscapes Platform. https://www.fao.org/in-action/territorios-inteligentes/componentes/innovacion-rural/contexto-general-y-marco-conceptual/fr/ 

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations). (2024). The State of the World’s Forests 2024: Forest-sector Innovations towards a More Sustainable Future. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1211en 

Feng B, Zhang Y, & Bourke R. (2021). Urbanization impacts on flood risks based on urban growth data and coupled flood models. Natural Hazards, 106(1), 613–627.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04480-0 

Fenwick G, Greenwood M, Williams E, Milne J, & Watene-Rawiri E. (2018). Groundwater Ecosystems: Functions, Values, Impacts and Management. NIWA Client Report 2018184CH prepared for Horizons Regional Council. https://www.envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/Reports/1838-HZLC143-Groundwater-Ecosystems-Functions-values-impacts-and-management.pdf 

FENZ (Fire and Emergency New Zealand). (2021). 2019/2020 Wildfire Season Update. https://www.fireandemergency.nz/assets/Documents/Research-and-reports/NZ-wildfire-2019-2020-season-update-report.pdf 

FENZ (Fire and Emergency New Zealand). (2022). 2020/2021 Wildfire Season Update. https://www.fireandemergency.nz/assets/Documents/Research-and-reports/NZ-Wildfire-2020-21-Season-update-Scion.pdf 

FENZ (Fire and Emergency New Zealand). (2023). 2021/2022 Wildfire Season Update. https://www.fireandemergency.nz/assets/Documents/Research-and-reports/Wildfire-Annual-Summary-2021_2022.pdf 

Fernandez, M. A. (2017). Adoption of erosion management practices in New Zealand. Land Use Policy, 63, 236–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.01.040  

Frame DJ, Rosier SM, Noy I, Harrington LJ, Carey-Smith T, Sparrow SN, … & Dean SM. (2020). Climate change attribution and the economic costs of extreme weather events: A study on damages from extreme rainfall and drought. Climatic Change, 162(2), 781–797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02729-y 

Franklin P, Gee E, Baker C, & Bowie S. (2018). New Zealand Fish Passage Guidelines: For structures up to 4 metres. NIWA Client Report 2018019HN prepared for Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324706703_New_Zealand_Fish_Passage_Guidelines_for_structures_up_to_4_metres 

Franklin PA, Sykes J, Robbins J, Booker DJ, Bowie S, Gee E, & Baker CF. (2022). A national fish passage barrier inventory to support fish passage policy implementation and estimate river connectivity in New Zealand. Ecological Informatics, 71, 101831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101831 

Friedlingstein P, O’Sullivan M, Jones MW, Andrew RM, Hauck J, Olsen A, … & Zaehle S. (2020). Global carbon budget 2020. Earth System Science Data, 12(4), 3269–3340. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020  

Fritze JC, Blashki GA, Burke S, & Wiseman J. (2008). Hope, despair and transformation: Climate change and the promotion of mental health and wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 2(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-2-13/TABLES/1 

Froude VA. (2011). Wilding Conifers in New Zealand: Beyond the Status Report. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/51016-Wilding-conifers-in-New-Zealand-Beyond-the-status-report-December-2011 

Fuller I, Richardson J, Basher L, Dykes R, & Vale S. (2011). Responses to river management? Geomorphic change over decadal and annual timescales in two gravel-bed rivers in New Zealand. In DA Molina (Ed), River Channels: Types, Dynamics and Changes (pp 137–164). Nova Science Publishers. 

Funnell GA, Gordon DP, Leduc D, Makan T, Marshall B, Mills S, Michel P, Read G, Schnabel KE, Tracey DM, & Wing S. (2023). Conservation status of indigenous marine invertebrates in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2021. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs40entire.pdf  

Gall M, & Pinkerton M. (2024). Phytoplankton/chlorophyll a in estuary/coastal water (trophic state). In: D Lohrer et al. Information Stocktakes of Fifty-Five Environmental Attributes across Air, Soil, Terrestrial, Freshwater, Estuaries and Coastal Waters Domains. Prepared by NIWA, Manaaki Whenua Landare Research, Cawthron Institute, and Environet Limited for the Ministry for the Environment. NIWA report no. 2024216HN. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/information-stocktakes-of-fifty-five-environmental-attributes 

Galt M, & Nees C. (2022). New Zealand’s Wellbeing: Is It Sustainable and What Are the Risks? Treasury paper. https://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/tp/new-zealands-wellbeing-sustainable-what-are-risks 

Galvan A, Kawana K, & Harcourt N. (2024). The health of cultural values and mahinga kai in the Te Wairoa-Hōpūpū-Hōnengenenge-Mātangirau, Wairoa river catchment and the impacts of sediment. Australasian Journal of Water Resources 28(4), 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2024.2403814  

Gascon M, Zijlema W, Vert C, White MP, & Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. (2017). Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220(8), 1207–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.004 

Gee S. (2021). Abundant kina damaging reefs as fish numbers dwindle. RNZ News. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/455110/abundant-kina-damaging-reefs-as-fish-numbers-dwindle 

Gilpin BJ, Walker T, Paine S, Sherwood J, Mackereth G, Wood T, … Jones N. (2020). A large scale waterborne Campylobacteriosis outbreak, Havelock North, New Zealand. Journal of Infection, 81(3), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.065 

Gislason MK, Kennedy AM, & Witham SM. (2021). The interplay between social and ecological determinants of mental health for children and youth in the climate crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094573 

Giupponi C, Ausseil AG, Balbi S, Cian F, Fekete A, Gain AK, … & Villa F. (2022). Integrated modelling of social-ecological systems for climate change adaptation modelling. Socio-Environmental Systems Modelling, vol. 3, 18161. https://doi.org/10.18174/sesmo.18161  

Gkargkavouzi A, & Halkos G. (2024). Environmentalism in the light of Behavioral Economics. Department of Economics, University of Thessaly. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/120752/1/MPRA_paper_120752.pdf  

Glavinovic K, Eggleton K, Davis R, Gosman K, & Macmillan A. (2022). Understanding and experience of climate change in rural general practice in Aotearoa—New Zealand. Family Practice, 40(3), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmac107  

Goodman J. (2018). Conservation, ecology and management of migratory galaxiids and the whitebait fishery. A summary of current knowledge and information gaps. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/land-and-freshwater/freshwater/conservation-ecology-and-management-of-migratory-galaxiids.pdf  

Goyal R, Sen Gupta A, Jucker M, & England MH. (2021). Historical and projected changes in the southern hemisphere surface westerlies. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(4), e2020GL090849. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090849 

Grandey BS, Dauwels J, Koh ZY, Horton BP, & Chew LY. (2024). Fusion of probabilistic projections of sea‐level rise. Earth's Future, 12(12), e2024EF005295. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005295 

Graynoth E, Jellyman D, & Bonnett M. (2008). Spawning escapement of female longfin eels. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2008/7. 57 p. https://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/FAR2008-07.pdf 

Greenhalgh S, Samarasinghe O, Curran-Cournane F, Wright W, & Brown P. (2017). Using ecosystem services to underpin cost–benefit analysis: Is it a way to protect finite soil resources? Ecosystem Services, 27, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.07.005 

Griffin C, Wreford A, & Cradock-Henry NA. (2023). ‘As a farmer you’ve just got to learn to cope’: Understanding dairy farmers’ perceptions of climate change and adaptation decisions in the lower South Island of Aotearoa-New Zealand. Journal of Rural Studies, 98, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.02.001 

Grout L, Hales S, Thornley L, & Wilson N. (2022). An Exploration of the Human Health Impacts Associated with Seven Decades of Severe Weather Events in Aotearoa New Zealand: The Need for Better Data. University of Otago Wellington. https://www.otago.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/332865/an-exploration-of-the-human-health-impacts-associated-with-seven-decades-of-severe-weather-events-in-aotearoa-new-zealand-the-need-for-better-data-report-841638.pdf  

Grout L, Hales S, Baker MG, French N, & Wilson N. (2024). Severe weather events and cryptosporidiosis in Aotearoa New Zealand: A case series of space-time clusters. Epidemiology and Infection, 152, e64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026882400058X 

Haemata Limited. (2023). Māori perspectives on resilience in response to supply chain disruptions. Te Kōmihana Whai Hua O Aotearoa | New Zealand Productivity Commission. https://www.treasury.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2024-05/pc-inq-ier-haemata-maori-perspectives-on-resilience-to-supply-chain-disruptions.pdf  

Hales S. (2019). Climate change, extreme rainfall events, drinking water and enteric disease. Reviews on Environmental Health, 34(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-2001 

Hall M, Wehi P, Whaanga H, Walker E, Koia J, & Wallace K. (2021). Promoting social and environmental justice to support Indigenous partnerships in urban ecosystem restoration. Restoration Ecology, 29(1), e13305. https:// doi.org/10.1111/rec.13305 

Hamilton DS. (2015). Natural aerosols and climate: Understanding the unpolluted atmosphere to better understand the impacts of pollution. Weather, 70(9), 264–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.2540 

Harding J, Clapcott J, Quinn J, Hayes J, Joy M, Storey R, … & Boothroyd I. (2009). Stream Habitat Assessment Protocols for Wadeable Rivers and Streams of New Zealand. School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury. https://www.envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/Stream20Habitat20Assessment20Protocols.pdf  

Harmsworth G. (2022a). Exploring Indigenous Māori Soil Health Concepts in Aotearoa-New Zealand. 

Harmsworth, GR. (2022b). Soil Security: An Indigenous Māori Perspective from Aotearoa-New Zealand. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367381014 

Harmsworth GR, & Awatere S. (2013). Indigenous Māori knowledge and perspectives of ecosystems. In JR Dymond (Ed), Ecosystem Services in New Zealand. Manaaki Whenua Press. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/assets/Discover-Our-Research/Environment/Sustainable-society-policy/VMO/Indigenous_Maori_knowledge_perspectives_ecosystems.pdf 

Harrington LJ, Dean SM, Awatere S, Rosier S, Queen L, & Gibson PB. (2023). The role of climate change in extreme rainfall associated with Cyclone Gabrielle over Aotearoa New Zealand’s East Coast. Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.25561/102624 

Hart G, Rutledge D, & Price R. (2013). Guidelines for Monitoring Land Fragmentation: Review of Knowledge, Issues, Policies, and Monitoring. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research.  

Hawcroft A, Bellingham PJ, Jo I, Richardson SJ, & Wright EF. (2024). Are populations of trees threatened by non-native herbivorous mammals more secure in New Zealand’s national parks? Biological Conservation, 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110637  

Health Navigator New Zealand. (2022). Climate change anxiety | Anipā o te huringa āhuarangi. https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/c/climate-change-anxiety  

Heath ACG, Stringer I, Hitchmough R, & Rolfe JR. (2015). Conservation status of New Zealand fleas, 2014. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/nztcs12entire.pdf  

Heath ACG, Rolfe JR, & Michel P. (2021). Conservation status of parasitic mites and ticks (Acari) in New Zealand, 2021. Department of Conservation. https://dxcprod.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs37entire.pdf  

Heeringa V. (2021). Troubled waters: Nick Shears appears on TVNZ talking about kina barrens. The Noises. https://www.thenoises.nz/2021/04/13/troubled-waters-nick-shears-appears-on-tvnz-talking-about-kina-barrens/ 

Herse MR, Tylianakis JM, Scott NJ, Brown D, Cranwell I, Henry J, … & Lyver POB. (2021). Effects of customary egg harvest regimes on hatching success of a culturally important waterfowl species. People and Nature, 3(2), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10196 

Hewitt A, Dominati E, Webb T, & Cuthill T. (2015). Soil natural capital quantification by the stock adequacy method. Geoderma, 241–242, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.014  

Hicks DM, Baynes ERC, Measures R, Stecca G, Tunnicliffe J, & Friedrich H. (2021). Morphodynamic research challenges for braided river environments: Lessons from the iconic case of New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 46(1), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5014 

Hikuroa D. (2017). Mātauranga Māori: The ūkaipō of knowledge in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 47(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2016.1252407 

Hikuroa D, Clark J, Olsen A, & Camp E. (2018). Severed at the head: Towards revitalising the mauri of Te Awa o te Atua. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 52(4), 643–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2018.1532913 

Hoare RJB, Dugdale JS, Edwards ED, Gibbs GW, Patrick B, Hitchmough R, & Rolfe JR. (2017). Conservation status of New Zealand butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), 2015. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs20entire.pdf  

Hobbie SE, & Grimm NB. (2020). Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 375(1794). https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2019.0124  

Hobbs M, Bowden N, Marek L, Wiki J, Kokaua J, Theodore R, … & Milne, B. (2023). The environment a young person grows up in is associated with their mental health: A nationwide geospatial study using the integrated data infrastructure, New Zealand. Social Science and Medicine, 326, 115893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115893 

Hond R, Ratima M, & Edwards W. (2019). The role of Māori community gardens in health promotion: A land-based community development response by Tangata Whenua, people of their land. Global Health Promotion, 26(3_suppl), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975919831603 

Howarth L, & Major R. (2023). Key Environmental Considerations for Seaweed Aquaculture in Aotearoa New Zealand. Sustainable Seas, Ko ngā moana whakauka. https://www.sustainableseaschallenge.co.nz/assets/dms/Reports/Key-environmental-considerations-for-seaweed-aquaculture/Key-environmental-considerations-for-seaweed-aquaculture-in-Aotearoa-New-Zealand.pdf 

HPA (Health Promotion Agency). (2020). Mental Health in Aotearoa: Results from the 2018 Mental Health Monitor and the 2019/19 New Zealand Health Survey. https://www.hpa.org.nz/sites/default/files/Mental_Health_Aotearoa_Insight_2020.pdf 

Hudson M. (2022). Māori hold a third of NZ’s fishing interests, but as the ocean warms and fish migrate, these rights don’t move with them. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/maori-hold-a-third-of-nzs-fishing-interests-but-as-the-ocean-warms-and-fish-migrate-these-rights-dont-move-with-them-186284 

Huggins TJ, Langer L, McLennan J, Johnston DM, & Yang L. (2020). The many-headed beast of wildfire risks in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 35(3), 48–53. https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/ajem-july-2020-the-many-headed-beast-of-wildfire-risks-in-aotearoa-new-zealand/ 

Hughes J, Cowper-Heays K, Olesson E, Bell R, & Stroombergen A. (2021). Impacts and implications of climate change on wastewater systems: A New Zealand perspective. Climate Risk Management, 31, 100262. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2020.100262 

Hulme PE. (2020). Plant invasions in New Zealand: Global lessons in prevention, eradication and control. Biological Invasions, 22(5), 1539–1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02224-6 

ICNZ (Insurance Council of New Zealand). (2021). Cost of Natural Disasters. https://www.icnz.org.nz/industry/cost-of-natural-disasters/ 

IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). (2018). The IPBES Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Asia and the Pacific (Vol. 612). https://files.ipbes.net/ipbes-web-prod-public-files/2018_asia_pacific_full_report_book_v3_pages.pdf 

IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). (2019). The global assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. https://zenodo.org/records/6417333 

IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). (2022). Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6522522 

IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). (2024a). Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on the Underlying Causes of Biodiversity Loss and the Determinants of Transformative Change and Options for Achieving the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11382230 

IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). (2024b). Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. https://zenodo.org/records/13850290 

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2021). Regional Fact Sheet: Urban Areas. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/factsheets/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Regional_Fact_Sheet_Urban_areas.pdf 

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2022). Chapter 11: Australasia. Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Working Group II contribution to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ 

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Lee H and Romero J (Eds)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 184 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.004https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647  

Jarvie S, Ingram T, Chapple DG, Hitchmough RA, Nielson SV, & Monks JM. (2022). Variable vulnerability to climate change in New Zealand lizards. Journal of Biogeography, 49(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14314  

Jiang LQ, Dunne J, Carter BR, Tjiputra JF, Terhaar J, Sharp JD, ... & Ziehn T. (2023). Global surface ocean acidification indicators from 1750 to 2100. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 15(3), e2022MS003563. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003563 

Johnson KS, Gadd J, Bian R, Noll B, Pinkerton MH, Taylor R, Madden B, & Parsons DM. (2024). Distribution and potential causes of milky fleshed snapper in SNA 1. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2024/25. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/62775/direct 

Jones AG, Cridge A, Fraser S, Holt L, Klinger S, McGregor KF, … & Dickinson Y. (2023). Transitional forestry in New Zealand: Re-evaluating the design and management of forest systems through the lens of forest purpose. Biological Reviews, 98(4), 1003–1015. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12941 

Jones HF, Hunt S, Kamke J, & Townsend M. (2022). Historical data provides context for recent monitoring and demonstrates 100 years of declining estuarine health. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 56(3), 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2022.2086588 

Jones R, Bennett H, Keating G, & Blaiklock A. (2014). Climate change and the right to health for Māori in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Health and Human Rights: An International Journal, 16(1), 54–68. https://www.hhrjournal.org/2014/07/01/climate-change-and-the-right-to-health-for-maori-in-aotearoanew-zealand/ 

Kamish W, Hansford J, & Cochrane P. (2020). Water availability under climate change. Deep South National Science Challenge Final report. https://deepsouthchallenge.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Water-availability-under-climate-change-Final-Report.pdf 

Kāpiti Coast District Council. (2024). Avian Botulism. https://www.kapiticoast.govt.nz/environment/biodiversity/sustaining-and-restoring-our-environment/avian-botulism/ 

Keane-Tuala K. (2015). Ngā manu – birds. https://teara.govt.nz/en/nga-manu-birds/print  

Keegan LJ, White RSA, & Macinnis-Ng C. (2022). Current knowledge and potential impacts of climate change on New Zealand’s biological heritage. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 46(1), 3467. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.46.10 

Key IB, Smith AC, Turner B, Chausson A, Girardin CAJ, Macgillivray M, & Seddon N. (2022). Biodiversity outcomes of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation: Characterising the evidence base. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 905767. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.905767 

King C. (1983). The relationships between beech (Nothofagus sp) seedfall and populations of mice (Mus musculus), and the demographic and dietary response of stoats (Mustela erminea) in three New Zealand forests. Journal of Animal Ecology, 52, 141–166. https://doi.org/10.2307/4593 

King DN, Penny G, & Severne C. (2010). The climate change matrix facing Māori society. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273737386_The_climate_change_matrix_facing_Maori_society 

King DNT, Goff J, & Skipper A. (2007). Māori environmental knowledge and natural hazards in Aotearoa‐New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 37(2), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014220709510536 

King D, Tawhai W, & Iti W. (2005). Anticipating Local Weather and Climate Outcomes Using Māori Environmental Indicators. NIWA Client Report AKL-2005-129. 

King J, Anchukaitis KJ, Allen K, Vance T, & Hessl A. (2023). Trends and variability in the Southern Annular Mode over the Common Era. Nature Communications, 14(1), 2324. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37643-1 

Kool R, Lawrence J, Drews M, & Bell R. (2020). Preparing for sea-level rise through adaptive managed retreat of a New Zealand stormwater and wastewater network. Infrastructures, 5(92). https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5110092 

Koot EM, Morgan-Richards M, & Trewick SA. (2022). Climate change and alpine-adapted insects: Modelling environmental envelopes of a grasshopper radiation. Royal Society Open Science, 9(3), 211596. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211596  

Kuczynski A, Smith RG, Fraser CE, & Larned ST. (2024). Environmental indicators of lake ecosystem health in Aotearoa New Zealand: Current state and trends. Ecological Indicators, 165, 112185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112185 

Kunak. (2023). Air Pollution from Construction Sites, Analysing the Environmental Impact of Construction. https://kunakair.com/air-pollution-from-construction-sites/ 

Kuschel G, Metcalfe J, Sridhar S, Davy P, Hastings K, Denne T, … & Bell S. (2022). Health and Air Pollution in New Zealand 2016 (HAPINZ 3.0): Volume 1: Findings and Implications. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/HAPINZ/HAPINZ-3.0-Findings-and-implications.pdf 

Lacheheb M, Noy I, & Kahui V. (2024). Marine heatwaves and commercial fishing in New Zealand. Science of the Total Environment, 954, 176558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176558 

Lai H, Hales S, Woodward A, Walker C, Marks E, Pillai A, … & Morton SM. (2020). Effects of heavy rainfall on waterborne disease hospitalizations among young children in wet and dry areas of New Zealand. Environment International, 145, 106136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106136 

Lai H, Lee JE, Harrington LJ, Ahuriri-Driscoll A, Newport C, Bolton A, … & Hales S. (2024). Daily temperatures and child hospital admissions in Aotearoa New Zealand: case time series analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 21(9), 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091236 

Lambie SM, Awatere S, Daigneault A, Kirschbaum MUF, Marden M, Soliman T, … & Walsh PJ. (2021). Trade-offs between environmental and economic factors in conversion from exotic pine production to natural regeneration on erosion prone land. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 51. https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs512021x163x 

Lane HS, Brosnahan CL, & Poulin R. (2022). Aquatic disease in New Zealand: Synthesis and future directions. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 56(1), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2020.1848887 

Langer L, & Wegner S. (2018). Wildfire risk awareness, perception and preparedness in the urban fringe in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Public responses to the 2017 Port Hills wildfire. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 22, 75–84. https://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2018-2/AJDTS_22_2_Langer.pdf 

Langer L, Wegner S, Pearce G, Melia N, Luff N, & Palmer D. (2021). Adapting and Mitigating Wildfire Risk due to Climate Change: Extending Knowledge and Best Practice. Scion report for Ministry for Primary Industries. https://www.ruralfireresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/80922/SLMACC-Contract-Final-report-submitted-to-MPI-linked.pdf 

Langer L, Wegner S, & Grant A. (2022). Risk perception and preparedness in a high-wildfire risk community: Case study of northern Wānaka/Albert Town, Otago. Scion Fire Technology Transfer Note (Vol. 46). https://resiliencechallenge.nz/outputs/risk-perception-and-preparedness-in-a-high-wildfire-risk-community-case-study-of-northern-wanaka-albert-town-otago/ 

Larned ST, Moores J, Gadd J, Baillie B, & Schallenberg M. (2020). Evidence for the effects of land use on freshwater ecosystems in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(3), 551–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2019.1695634 

Law CS, Bell JJ, Bostock HC, Cornwall CE, Cummings VJ, Currie K, … & Tracey DM. (2018). Ocean acidification in New Zealand waters: Trends and impacts. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 52(2), 155–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2017.1374983 

Law R, Whitehead B, Cavanagh J, Ardo J, Harmsworth G, & Harris L. (2024). Land Use Information System – Land Use Classification Framework. Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research contract report LC4488 for Ministry for the Environment. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/land-use-information-system-land-use-classification-framework/ 

LAWA (Land Air Water Aotearoa). (2021). Factsheet: Faecal Indicators. https://www.lawa.org.nz/learn/factsheets/faecal-indicators/ 

LAWA (Land Air Water Aotearoa). (2022). Factsheet: Faecal Indicators. https://www.lawa.org.nz/learn/factsheets/faecal-indicators/ 

LAWA (Land Air Water Aotearoa). (2023a). Factsheet: Toxic Algae. https://www.lawa.org.nz/learn/factsheets/can-i-swim-here/toxic-algae 

LAWA (Land Air Water Aotearoa). (2023b). Factsheet: Monitoring Air Quality in New Zealand. https://www.lawa.org.nz/learn/factsheets/air-quality-topic/air-pollutants-particulate-matter 

Lawrence J, Blackett P, & Cradock-Henry NA. (2020). Cascading climate change impacts and implications. Climate Risk Management, 29, 100234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100234 

Lawrence J, Mackey B, Chiew F, Costello MJ, Hennessy K, Lansbury N, … & Wreford A. (2022). Australasia. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H-O Pörtner, DC Roberts, M Tignor, ES Poloczanska, K Mintenbeck, A Alegría, … B Rama (Eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1581–1688, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.013 

Lee JE, Gorkowski K, Meyer AG, Benedict KB, Aiken AC, & Dubey MK. (2022). Wildfire smoke demonstrates significant and predictable black carbon light absorption enhancements. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(14), e2022GL099334. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099334 

Leonard M, & Eaton C. (2021). Recreational Water Quality Guidelines Update. Environmental Science and Research Institute Client Report FWFW21029 for Ministry of Health. https://www.esr.cri.nz/media/seap4u1y/recreational-water-quality-guidelines-update.pdf  

Leschen RAB, Marris J,WM, Emberson RM, Nunn J, Hitchmough RA, & Stringer IAN. (2012). The conservation status of New Zealand Coleoptera. New Zealand Entomologist, 35(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2012.686311  

Li G, Wan L, Cui M, Wu B, & Zhou J. (2019). Influence of canopy interception and rainfall kinetic energy on soil erosion under forests. Forests, 10(6), 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10060509 

Li G, Chen Z, Bowen M, & Coco G. (2024). Transport and retention of sinking microplastics in a well-mixed estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 203, 116417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116417 

Lilburne L, Ausseil A-G, Sood A, Guo J, Teixeira E, Vetharaniam I, … & Dynes R. (2024). Modelling to identify direct risks for New Zealand agriculture due to climate change. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2024.2393295 

Lindsey R. (2023). Climate Change: Global Sea Level. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level 

Lindsey R, & Dahlman L. (2023). Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content# 

Litter Intelligence. (nd). Data, Insights and Action for a Litter-free World. https://litterintelligence.org/ 

Lohrer D, Lam-Gordillo O, Hewitt J, Holmes S, & Dudley B. (2023). Exposure of Estuarine Sites to Freshwater Contaminants: Influences on Estuarine Macrofauna Time-series Data. NIWA report no. 2023089HN (MFE22204). 

Lorrey AM, Vargo L, Purdie H, Anderson B, Cullen NJ, Sirguey P, … & Chinn W. (2022). Southern Alps equilibrium line altitudes: Four decades of observations show coherent glacier-climate responses and a rising snowline trend. Journal of Glaciology, 68(272), 1127–1140. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.27 

Lowe M, Morrison M, & Taylor R. (2015). Harmful effects of sediment-induced turbidity on juvenile fish in estuaries. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 539, 241–254. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11496 

Lundquist CJ, Brough T, Hume T, Rowden A, & Nelson W. (2024). Roadmap to an Updated Ecosystem Typology for the Marine and Estuarine Domain. NIWA Client Report 2024230HN prepared for Ministry for the Environment. 

Lundquist CJ, Burgess-Jones T, Parkes SM., & Bulmer R. (2018). Changes in benthic community structure and sediment characteristics after natural recolonisation of the seagrass Zostera muelleri. Scientific Reports, 8, 13250. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31398-2  

Lundquist C, Cummings V, Hansen L, & Mielbrecht E. (2023). State of Knowledge: Climate Change and New Zealand’s Seafood Sector. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/56242-Climate-change-and-NZs-seafood-sector-2023  

Lyver PO, Timoti P, Gormley AM, Jones CJ, Richardson SJ, Tahi BL., & Greenhalgh S. (2017a). Key Māori values strengthen the mapping of forest ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services, 27, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.08.009  

Lyver PO, Timoti P, Jones CJ, Richardson SJ, Tahi BL, & Greenhalgh S. (2017b). An indigenous community-based monitoring system for assessing forest health in New Zealand. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26, 3183–3212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1142-6  

Lyver POB, Timoti P, Richardson SJ, & Gormley AM. (2021). Alignment of ordinal and quantitative species abundance and size indices for the detection of shifting baseline syndrome. Ecological Applications, 31(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2301  

Ma T, Moore J, & Cleary A. (2022). Climate change impacts on the mental health and wellbeing of young people: A scoping review of risk and protective factors. Social Science and Medicine, 301, 114888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114888  

MacGibbon DJ, Mules R, & Goode S. (2024). Extent and Intensity of Bottom Contact by Commercial Trawling in New Zealand Waters, 1990–2022. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 344. 80 p. https://fs.fish.govt.nz/Doc/25805/AEBR-344-2024-Extent-and-intensity-of-bottom-contact-by-commercial-trawling-in-New-Zealand-waters-1990-2022.pdf.ashx 

Macinnis-Ng C, & Schwendenmann L. (2015). Litterfall, carbon and nitrogen cycling in a southern hemisphere conifer forest dominated by kauri (Agathis australis) during drought. Plant Ecology, 216(2), 247–262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0432-x  

Macintosh KA, McDowell RW, & Thiange CXO. (2025). A 10-year evaluation of management practices and nutrient losses from dairy farms in New Zealand – Trends and drivers. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109261 

Maddock I. (1999). The importance of physical habitat assessment for evaluating river health. Freshwater Biology, 41(2), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00437.x  

Maechler S, & Boisvert V. (2024). Valuing Nature to Save It? The Centrality of Valuation in the New Spirit of Conservation. Global Environmental Politics, 24(1), 10–30. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00734 

Mahlfield K, Brook FJ, Roscoe DJ, Hitchmough RA, & Stringer IAN. (2012). The conservation status of New Zealand terrestrial Gastropoda excluding Powelliphanta. New Zealand Entomologist, 35(2),  
103–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2012.686313  

Manderson A. (2020). Scoping a National Land-use Intensity Indicator. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/Publications/Files/scoping-a-national-land-use-intensity-indicator.pdf 

Manktelow D, Stevens P, Walker J, Gurnsey S, Park N, Zabkiewicz, J, … & Rahman A. (2005). Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand: 2004. HortResearch, Client Report no. 17962. 

Marden M, & Seymour A. (2022). Effectiveness of vegetative mitigation strategies in the restoration of fluvial and fluvio-mass movement gully complexes over 60 years, East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 52. https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs522022x226x  

Marden M, Rowan D, & Watson A. (2023). Effect of changes in forest water balance and inferred root reinforcement on landslide occurrence and sediment generation following Pinus radiata harvest on Tertiary terrain, eastern North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 53. https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x216x  

Marine Biosecurity Porthole. (nd). Marine biosecurity in New Zealand. https://www.marinebiosecurity.org.nz/new-page-11/ 

Mark G, Boulton A, Allport T, Kerridge D, & Potaka-Osborne G. (2022). “Ko au te whenua, ko te whenua ko au: I am the land, and the land is me”: Healer/patient views on the role of rongoā Māori (traditional Māori healing) in healing the land. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148547 

Marques B, McIntosh J, & Hall C. (2023). Cross-cultural Rongoā healing: A landscape response to urban health. Landscape Research, 48(8), 1091–1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2023.2230909 

Marshall GR, Wyse SV, Manley BR, & Forbes AS. (2023). International use of exotic plantations for native forest restoration and implications for Aotearoa New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 47(1). https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3516 

Mason K, Lindberg K, Haenfling C, Schori A, Marsters H, Read D, & Borman B. (2021). Social vulnerability indicators for flooding in Aotearoa New Zealand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083952 

Masters-Awatere B, Howard D, & Young P. (2023). Haumanu hauora: Refining public health institution policy to include Māori and climate change. Climatic Change, 176(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10584-023-03534-Z 

Mastrandrea MD, Field CB, Stocker TF, Edenhofer O, Ebi KL, Frame DJ, … & Zwiers FW. (2010). Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/uncertainty-guidance-note.pdf 

Matamua R. (2017). Matariki: The Star of the Year. Huia Publishers. 

Matthews N. (2023). Huringa o te taiao: Tūhoe environmental and ecological changes through the lens of the Maramataka. Doctoral dissertation, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington. https://openaccess.wgtn.ac.nz/articles/thesis/Huringa_o_te_taiao_T_hoe_environmental_and_ecological_changes_through_the_lens_of_the_Maramataka/23579220 

Mavoa S, Lucassen M, Denny S, Utter J, Clark T, & Smith M. (2019). Natural neighbourhood environments and the emotional health of urban New Zealand adolescents. Landscape and Urban Planning, 191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103638 

Mazlan NA, Lin L, & Park HE. (2022). Microplastics in the New Zealand environment. Processes, 10(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020265 

MBIE (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment). (2023). Economic Context Briefing. https://www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/28132-economic-context-briefing-november-2023  

McAlpine KG, & Howell CJ. (2024). List of Environmental Weeds in New Zealand 2024. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sfc340.pdf 

McCormick R. (2017). Does access to green space impact the mental well-being of children: A systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 37, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2017.08.027 

McDonald VM, Archbold G, Beyene T, Brew BK, Franklin P, Gibson PG, … & Abramson, MJ. (2023). Asthma and landscape fire smoke: A Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement. Respirology, 28(11), 1023–1035. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.14593 

McDowall, RM. (2000). The Reed Field Guide to New Zealand Freshwater Fishes. Dunedin: Reed. 

McDowell RW, Dodd R, Pletnyakov P, & Noble A. (2020). The ability to reduce soil legacy phosphorus at a country scale. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00006 

McGovern H. (2024). Conservation Services Programme Annual Research Summary. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-conservation-services/reports/202122-annual-plan/csp-annual-research-summary-2021-22.pdf 

McMillan A, Dymond J, Jolly B, Shepherd J, Sutherland A, & Belliss S. (2023). Rapid Assessment of Land Damage – Cyclone Gabrielle. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/Rapid-assessment-of-land-damage-Cyclone-Gabrielle-Manaaki-Whenua-Landcare-Research-report.pdf 

McNaughton EJ, Gaston KJ, Beggs J, Jones DN, & Stanley MC. (2022). Areas of ecological importance are exposed to risk from urban sky glow: Auckland, Aotearoa-New Zealand as a case study. Urban Ecosystems, 25(1), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01149-9  

Mediodia HJ, Noy I, & Kahui V. (2024). The impact of ocean warming on selected commercial fisheries in New Zealand. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 68(3), 587–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12564  

Meeuwen-Dijkgraaf A. (2021). Effects of Artificial Light on Urban Wildlife within the Lower Hutt District. Photobiology Assessment. https://hccpublicdocs.azurewebsites.net/api/download/d764466f20cf454ba1010adf695ed15f/_dplanreview/2cf3cfdb31922664af4a854197e3e360880  

Melia N, Dean S, Pearce HG, Harrington L, Frame DJ, & Strand T. (2022). Aotearoa New Zealand’s 21st‐century wildfire climate. Earth’s Future, 10(6), e2022EF002853. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF002853 

Messier C, Bauhus J, Sousa-Silva R, Auge H, Baeten L, Barsoum N, … & Zemp DC. (2022). For the sake of resilience and multifunctionality, let’s diversify planted forests! Conservation Letters, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12829 

Metcalfe J, & Kuschel G. (2022). Estimating the Impacts of Introducing Euro 6/VI Vehicle Emission Standards for New Zealand: Final Report. https://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/MoT-Euro-6-modelling-final-report-4-July.pdf 

Metcalfe J, & Kuschel G. (2023). Public Health Risks Associated with Transport Emissions in NZ: Part 2 Road Transport Emission Trends. https://www.esr.cri.nz/media/edmf0i4c/esr-environmental-health-report-public-health-risks-transport-emissions.pdf 

Metcalfe J, Powell J, & Wickham L. (2022). Public Health Risks Associated with Discharges to Air from Agriculture in New Zealand: Scoping Review. https://www.esr.cri.nz/media/a3uien2s/esr-environmental-health-report-agriculture-air-dishcharges.pdf  

Meurisse N, Kean J, Vereijssen J, & Phillips C. (2023). Global change and NZ biosecurity: Risks and economics of future climates and trade patterns. B3: Science Solutions for Better Border Security. https://www.b3nz.org.nz/projects/global-change-and-nz-biosecurity-risks-and-economics-of-future-climates-and-trade-patterns/ 

MFAT (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade). (2019). Te Ōhanga Māori: The Māori Economy. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Trade-agreements/UK-NZ-FTA/The-Maori-Economy_2.pdf  

MFAT (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade). (2023a). Navigating a Shifting World Te Whakatere i Tētahi Ao Hurihuri. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/About-us-Corporate/MFAT-strategies-and-frameworks/MFATs-2023-Strategic-Foreign-Policy-Assessment-Navigating-a-shifting-world-June-2023.pdf 

MFAT (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade). (2023b). Cyclone Gabrielle’s impact on the New Zealand economy and exports. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/mfat-market-reports/cyclone-gabrielles-impact-on-the-new-zealand-economy-and-exports-march-2023 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2004). Module 2. Hazardous Waste Guidelines: Landfill Waste Acceptance Criteria and Landfill Classification. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/Publications/Files/haz-waste-guide-module-2-may04.pdf 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2006). Using the Cultural Health Index: How to Assess the Health of Streams and Waterways. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/Publications/Files/chi-for-streams-and-waterways-feb06-full-colour.pdf  

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2019). Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. https://environment.govt.nz/what-government-is-doing/international-action/vienna-convention-and-montreal-protocol/kigali-amendment-to-the-montreal-protocol/ 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2020). National Climate Change Risk Assessment for New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/Publications/Files/national-climate-change-risk-assessment-main-report.pdf  

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2021a). What Is contaminated land? https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/land/contaminated-land/ 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2021b). Ozone depleting substances. https://environment.govt.nz/acts-and-regulations/acts/ozone-layer-protection-act-1996/ozone-depleting-substances 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2022). Value of nature for wellbeing during times of crisis: COVID-19 case study. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/value-of-nature-for-wellbeing-during-times-of-crisis/ 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2023a). The science linking extreme weather and climate change. https://environment.govt.nz/news/the-science-linking-extreme-weather-and-climate-change 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2023b). Where to from here? How we ensure the future wellbeing of land and people: The Ministry for the Environment’s Long-term Insights Briefing 2023. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/Long-term-Insights-Briefing-final-report-2023.pdf 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2023c). Waste facilities and disposal. https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/waste/waste-facilities-and-disposal/ 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024a). Waste disposal and diversion. https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/waste/waste-facilities-and-disposal/#waste-disposal-and-diversion 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024b). Climate projections insight. https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/climate-change/climate-change-projections/climate-projections-insights-and-publications/ 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024c). New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2022. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory-1990-2022/  

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024d). New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2022: Snapshot. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory-19902022-snapshot/  

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024e). New Zealand’s first Biennial Transparency Report. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-first-biennial-transparency-report-under-the-paris-agreement/  

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024f). National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2020. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/national-policy-statement-for-freshwater-management-2020-amended-october-2024/ 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024g). Coastal hazards and climate change guidance. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/Coastal-hazards-and-climate-change-guidance-2024-ME-1805.pdf 

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024h). National monitoring system 2022/23 [dataset]. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/NMS-complete-dataset-2022-23.xlsx  

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024i). Erosion. https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/land/erosion/  

MfE (Ministry for the Environment). (2024j). New Zealand’s projected greenhouse gas emissions to 2050. https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/climate-change/new-zealands-projected-greenhouse-gas-emissions-to-2050/ 

Mika JP. (2021). Māori Perspectives on the Environment and Wellbeing. https://pce.parliament.nz/media/llxjl5ay/mika-maori-perspectives-on-the-environment-and-wellbeing.pdf  

Miller S, Driver T, Saunders C, Tait P, & Rutherford P. (2017). New Zealand food and beverage consumer preferences for product attributes and alternative retailers, and in-market use of digital media and smart technology. Research Report No, 342. Lincoln University: Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit. https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/server/api/core/bitstreams/9491c41c-1b77-4e4d-9bf5-c165cea0f506/content  

Mills JA, Yarrall JW, Bradford-Grieve JM, Uddstrom MJ, Renwick JA, & Merilä J. (2008). The impact of climate fluctuation on food availability and reproductive performance of the planktivorous red-billed gull Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77(6), 1129–1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01383.x 

Ministerial Inquiry into Land Uses in Tairāwhiti and Wairoa. (2023). Outrage to Optimism: Report for the Ministerial Inquiry into Land Uses Associated with the Mobilisation of Woody Debris and Sediment in Tairāwhiti/Gisborne District and Wairoa District. https://environment.govt.nz/what-government-is-doing/areas-of-work/land/ministerial-inquiry-into-land-use/  

Moloney PD, Forsyth DM, Ramsey DSL, Perry M, McKay M, Gormley AM, Kappers B, & Wright EF. (2021). Occupancy and relative abundances of introduced ungulates on New Zealand’s public conservation land 2012–2018. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 45(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.21  

Monaghan R, Manderson A, Basher L, Spiekermann R, Dymond J, Smith C, …, & McDowell R. (2021). Quantifying contaminant losses to water from pastoral landuses in New Zealand II. The effects of some farm mitigation actions over the past two decades. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 64(3), 365–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2021.1876741  

Montie S, Thoral F, Smith RO, Cook F, Tait LW, Pinkerton MH, ... & Thomsen MS. (2024). Seasonal trends in marine heatwaves highlight vulnerable coastal ecoregions and historic change points in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 58(2), 274–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2023.2218102 

Mora-Teddy AK, & Matthaei CD. (2020). Microplastic pollution in urban streams across New Zealand: concentrations, composition and implications. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2019.1703015 

Moreau M, Herpe M, & Santamaria Cerrutti ME. (2025). 2024 Update of the National Groundwater Quality Indicator. GNS Science, Consultancy Report 2024/90. 

Morgenstern O. (2021). The southern annular mode in 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034161 

Morrison M, Jones EG, Consalvey M, & Berkenbusch K. (2014). Linking Marine Fisheries Species to Biogenic Habitats in New Zealand: A Review and Synthesis of Knowledge. Prepared for the Ministry for Primary Industries. https://deepwatergroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/GEN2015A19-7516259-AEBR-130-Linking-marine-fisheries-species-to-biogenic-habitats-in-New-Zealand.pdf 

Morrison M, Hughes A, Kainamu A, & Williams E. (2023). Land-based Effects on Coastal Fisheries and Kaimoana and Their Habitats: A Review. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/56425/direct  

Morrison MA, Lowe ML, Parsons DM, Usmar NR, & McLeod IM. (2009). A Review of Land-based Effects on Coastal Fisheries and Supporting Biodiversity in New Zealand. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report, no. 37. https://healthyharbour.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Morrison-et-al-2009-Land-based-effects-on-coastal-fisheries.pdf  

MOT (Ministry of Transport). (nd-a). Annual Fleet Statistics. https://www.transport.govt.nz/statistics-and-insights/fleet-statistics/sheet/annual-fleet-statistics 

MOT (Ministry of Transport). (nd-b). MARPOL Annex VI Treaty. https://www.transport.govt.nz/area-of-interest/maritime-transport/marpol 

MOT (Ministry of Transport). (2022). Te Tatauranga Rāngi Waka a Tau 2021 | Annual Fleet Statistics 2021. https://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Report/AnnualFleetStatistics.pdf 

Mourot FM, Westerhoff RS, White PA, & Cameron SG. (2022). Climate change and New Zealand’s groundwater resources: A methodology to support adaptation. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 40, 101053. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJRH.2022.101053 

Mouton TL, Leprieur F, Floury M, Stephenson F, Verburg P, & Tonkin JD. (2022). Climate and land-use driven reorganisation of structure and function in river macroinvertebrate communities. Ecography, e06148. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06148 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (nd-a). Adapting the Horticulture Industries to Climate Change. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/26788-adapting-the-horticulture-industries-to-climate-change-2012  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (nd-b). Freshwater Pests and Diseases. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/biosecurity/freshwater-pests/ 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (nd-c). The marine pest management system. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/biosecurity/exotic-pests-and-diseases-in-new-zealand/marine-pest-disease-management/marine-pest-management-system/ 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2013). Overview of Ecological Effects of Aquaculture. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/4300-Overview-of-ecological-effects-of-Aquaculture 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2014). The Right Tree in the Right Place: New Zealand Wilding Conifer Management Strategy 2015–2030. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/51013-The-wilding-conifer-management-strategy-20152030 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2017). Primary Sector Science Roadmap Te Ao Tūroa. Strengthening New Zealand's bioeconomy for future generations. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/18383-Primary-Sector-Science-Roadmap-Te-Ao-Turoa-Strengthening-New-Zealands-bioeconomy-for-future-generations  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2019a). Spatial risk assessment of threats to Hector’s and Māui dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori). https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/35007-AEBR-214-Spatial-risk-assessment-of-threats-to-HectorsMaui-dolphins-Cephalorhynchus-hectori.  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2019b). Valuing Highly Productive Land: A Discussion Document on a Proposed National Policy Statement for Highly Productive Land. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/36624-discussion-document-on-a-proposed-national-policy-statement-for-highly-productive-land  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2021a). AEBAR 2019–20: Ecosystem effects: NZ climate and oceanic setting (Chapter 12). https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/42141-Chapter-12-NZ-Climate-and-Ocean-Aquatic-environment-and-biodiversity-annual-review-AEBAR-201920 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2021b). Aquatic environment and biodiversity annual review (AEBAR) report, Chapter 9 - Non-Target Fish and Invertebrate Catch. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/51676-Chapter-9-Non-target-fish-and-invertebrate-catch 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2021c). Economic costs of pests to New Zealand. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/48496-Economic-costs-of-pests-to-New-Zealand-Technical-report  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2022). National Direction for Plantation and Exotic Carbon Afforestation. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/53623-National-direction-for-plantation-and-exotic-carbon-afforestation  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2023a) The Future of Aotearoa New Zealand’s food sector: Exploring global demand opportunities in the year 2050. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/56350-The-Future-of-Aotearoa-New-Zealands-Food-SectorExploring-Global-Demand-Opportunities-in-the-Year-2050 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2023b). National exotic forest description: As at 1 April 2022. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/55996/direct  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2023c). Wilding conifer control in NZ. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/biosecurity/exotic-pests-and-diseases-in-new-zealand/long-term-biosecurity-management-programmes/wilding-conifers/  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2023d). Technical Advisory Group report: Biosecurity response to Corbicula fluminea in the Waikato river. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/59086-Technical-Advisory-Group-Report-Biosecurity-Response-to-Corbicula-fluminea-in-the-Waikato-River 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2023e). Quarterly report of investigation of suspected exotic diseases. Surveillance, 50(2), 7–19. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/57736-Surveillance-Magazine-Vol-50-No-2-June-2023 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2023f). Bottom trawling. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/fishing-aquaculture/sustainable-fisheries/strengthening-fisheries-management/bottom-trawling/ 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2023g). Situation and outlook for primary industries. December 2023. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/60526-Situation-and-Outlook-for-Primary-Industries-SOPI-December-2023  

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2024a). Situation and outlook for primary industries. December 2024. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/66648-Situation-and-Outlook-for-Primary-Industries-SOPI-December-2024 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2024b). The status of New Zealand’s fisheries 2023. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/fishing-aquaculture/fisheries-management/fish-stock-status/ 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2024c). National survey of recreational fishers. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/fishing-aquaculture/recreational-fishing/national-survey-of-recreational-fishers/ 

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries). (2024d). About exotic Caulerpa and where it’s been found in NZ. https://www.mpi.govt.nz/biosecurity/exotic-pests-and-diseases-in-new-zealand/active-biosecurity-responses-to-pests-and-diseases/exotic-caulerpa-seaweeds-caulerpa-brachypus-and-caulerpa-parvifolia-in-new-zealand/about-exotic-caulerpa-and-where-its-been-found-in-nz/ 

Munsterman F, Allan BJ, & Johnson SL. (2024). The availability and ingestion of microplastics by an intertidal fish is dependent on urban proximity. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2024.2365272 

MWLR (Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research). (2018). Conserving Indigenous Fauna within Production Forestry Landscapes. Contract Report: LC3216. https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/Reports/1854-GSDC150-Conserving-indigenous-fauna-within-production-forestry-landscapes.pdf  

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). (2024). 2024 Ozone Report. https://www.nasa.gov/earth/climate-change/ozone-layer/nasa-noaa-rank-2024-ozone-hole-as-7th-smallest-since-recovery-began/ 

Neubauer SC, Franklin RB, & Berrier DJ. (2013). Saltwater intrusion into tidal freshwater marshes alters the biogeochemical processing of organic carbon. Biogeosciences, 10(12), 8171–8183. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8171-2013 

Neverman AJ, Donovan M, Smith HG, Ausseil A-G, & Zammit C. (2023). Climate change impacts on erosion and suspended sediment loads in New Zealand. Geomorphology 427(15), 108607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108607 

New Zealand Infrastructure Commission, Te Waihanga. (2024). Paying It Forward: Understanding Our Long-term Infrastructure Needs. https://media.umbraco.io/te-waihanga-30-year-strategy/43ikcme0/paying-it-forward-understanding-our-long-term-infrastructure-needs.pdf 

Newnham RM. (2017). High levels of allergenic tree pollen in southern New Zealand. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2017.01.000376  

Newnham RM. (2021). Monitoring airborne pollen in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 52(2), 192–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2021.1967414  

Nguyen HD, Riley M, Leys J, & Salter D. (2019). Dust storm event of February 2019 in Central and East Coast of Australia and evidence of long-range transport to New Zealand and Antarctica. Atmosphere, 10(11), 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110653 

Nguyen TM, Stahlmann-Brown P, & Noy I. (2022). Past experience of drought, drought risk perception, and climate mitigation and adaptation decisions by farmers in New Zealand. Environmental Hazards, 22(3), 264–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2022.2141179  

NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research). (nd-a). El Niño and La Niña. https://niwa.co.nz/climate/information-and-resources/elnino 

NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research). (nd-b). Sediment and Forestry. https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/kaitiaki-tools/what-proposed-activity-or-industry/forestry/impacts-forestry-activities/sediment-and-forestry  

NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research). (2019a). Coastal Flooding Exposure under Future Sea-level Rise for New Zealand. NIWA Client Report No. 2019119WN prepared for The Deep South Challenge. https://deepsouthchallenge.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Exposure-to-Coastal-Flooding-Final-Report.pdf 

NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research). (2019b). Koi Carp, Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/nz-freshwater-fish-database/niwa-atlas-nz-freshwater-fishes/koiamur-carp-common-carp 

NIWA (National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research). (2020). Freshwater Invasive Species of New Zealand. https: //docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/FreInSpec.pdf 

Nizzetto L, Futter M, & Langaas S. (2016). Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environmental Science and Technology, 50(20), 10777–10779. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04140  

Noble M, Duncan P, Perry D, Prosper K, Rose D, Schnierer S, … & Pittock J. (2016). Culturally significant fisheries keystones for management of freshwater social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 21(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08353-210222  

Norton DA, Suryaningrum F, Buckley HL, Case BS, Hamish Cochrane C, Forbes AS, & Harcombe M. (2020). Achieving win-win outcomes for pastoral farming and biodiversity conservation in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.44.15 

Nursey-Bray M, Palmer R, Chischilly AM, Rist P, & Yin L. (2022). Responding to climate change: Why does it matter? The impacts of climate change. In Old Ways for New Days: Indigenous Survival and Agency in Climate Changed Times (pp 11–24). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97826-6_2  

Nutsford D, Pearson AL, & Kingham S. (2013). An ecological study investigating the association between access to urban green space and mental health. Public Health, 127(11), 1005–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.016  

NZ SeaRise. (nd). Predicting sea-level rise for Aotearoa New Zealand. https://www.searise.nz/ 

NZAEE (New Zealand Association for Environmental Education). (2021). Climate Change and Mātauranga Māori. https://www.nzaee.org.nz/resources/the-impact-of-climate-change-and-matauranga-maori 

NZAGRC (New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre). (2021). Celebrating the Contribution of the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium 2003–2021. https://www.pggrc.co.nz/files/1671050487_PGgRc%20Summary%20Dec22%20final%20121222v2.pdf 

NZLRI (New Zealand Land Resource Inventory). (2021). LCDB v5.0: New Zealand Land Cover Database Version 5.0. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research. http://lris.scinfo.org.nz/#/layer/304-lcdb-v30-land-cover-database-version-3/comments/ 

NZTA (New Zealand Transport Agency | Waka Kotahi). (2023). Ambient Air Quality (Nitrogen Dioxide) Monitoring Programme: Annual Report 2007–2022. https://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/resources/air-quality-monitoring/docs/ambient-air-quality-monitoring-programme-annual-report-2007-2022.pdf 

NZTCS (New Zealand Threat Classification System). (2025). Searching the NZTCS database. https://nztcs.org.nz/home  

O’Donnell, CFJ, Pryde MA, van Dam-Bates P, & Elliott GP. (2017). Controlling invasive predators enhances the long-term survival of endangered New Zealand long-tailed bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus): Implications for conservation of bats on oceanic islands. Biological Conservation, 214, 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.015  

O’Donnell CFJ, Borkin K, Christie JE, Davidson-Watts I, Dennis G, Pryde MA, & Michel P. (2023). Conservation status of bats in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2022. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs41entire.pdf  

O’Meara TA, Hillman JR, & Thrush SF. (2017). Rising tides, cumulative impacts and cascading changes to estuarine ecosystem functions. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 10218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11058-7 

Ockenden A, Northcott GL, Tremblay LA, & Simon KS. (2022). Disentangling the influence of microplastics and their chemical additives on a model detritivore system. Environmental Pollution, 307, 119558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119558 

Ockenden A, Tremblay LA, Dikareva N, & Simon KS. (2021). Towards more ecologically relevant investigations of the impacts of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 792, 148507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148507 

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2024). Waste: Waste – municipal waste: Generation and treatment. OECD Environment Statistics (Database). https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/data/oecd-environment-statistics/municipal-waste_data-00601-en 

OECD-FAO (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2023). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023–2032. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/08801ab7-en  

Otago Regional Council. (2024). Joint Media Release: ORC and Fish and Game Addressing Otago Galaxiid’s ‘Slide into Extinction’. https://www.orc.govt.nz/your-council/latest-news/news/2023/june/orc-and-fish-and-game-addressing-otago-galaxiid-s-slide-into-extinction/ 

Parfitt RL, Stevenson BA, Dymond JR, Schipper LA, Baisden WT, & Ballantine DJ. (2012). Nitrogen inputs and outputs for New Zealand from 1990 to 2010 at national and regional scales. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 55(3), 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2012.676991  

Parsons M, Fisher K, & Crease RP. (2021). A history of the settler-colonial freshwater impurement: Water pollution and the creation of multiple environmental injustices along the Waipā River. In Decolonising Blue Spaces in the Anthropocene (pp 181–234). Palgrave Studies in Natural Resource Management. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61071-5_5  

Pasanen TP, White MP, Wheeler BW, Garrett JK, & Elliot LR. (2019). Neighbourhood blue space, health and wellbeing: The mediating role of different types of physical activity. Environment International, 141, 105016. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105016  

Patterson, B. (2023). Economic Impacts of a Proposed Waimakariri Dark Sky Reserve Centred on Oxford. https://www.benjepatterson.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Economic-impacts-of-a-proposed-Waimakariri-dark-sky-reserve-centred-on-Oxford_FINAL.pdf  

Paul CM, Potter D, & Peterson A. (2016). Statement of Claim – Waitangi Tribunal, 30 May 2016. https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_106784185/Wai%202607%2C%201.1.001.pdf  

Paul-Burke K, O’Brien T, Burke J, & Bluett C. (2020). Mapping Māori knowledge from the past to inform marine management futures. New Zealand Science Review, 76(1–2), 31–40. https://hdl.handle.net/10289/14324  

Paulik R, Zorn C, Wotherspoon L, & Sturman J. (2023). Modelling national residential building exposure to flooding hazards. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103826  

Pawson SM, Ecroyd CE, Seaton R, Shaw WB, & Brockerhoff EG. (2010). New Zealand’s exotic plantation forests as habitats for threatened indigenous species. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 34(3), 342–355. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24060694 

PCE (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment). (2015). Preparing New Zealand for Rising Seas: Certainty and Uncertainty. https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/preparing-new-zealand-for-rising-seas-certainty-and-uncertainty  

PCE (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment). (2020). Managing our estuaries. https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/managing-our-estuaries  

PCE (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment). (2021). Space Invaders: A Review of How New Zealand Manages Weeds that Threaten Native Ecosystems. https://pce.parliament.nz/publications/space-invaders-managing-weeds-that-threaten-native-ecosystems/ 

PCE (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment). (2022). Knowing What’s Out There: Regulating the Environmental Fate of Chemicals. https://pce.parliament.nz/publications/regulating-the-environmental-fate-of-chemicals/  

PCE (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment). (2023). Are We Building Harder, Hotter Cities? https://pce.parliament.nz/publications/are-we-building-harder-hotter-cities-the-vital-importance-of-urban-green-spaces/ 

PCE (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment). (2024). Urban Ground Truths: Valuing Soil and Subsoil in Urban Development. https://pce.parliament.nz/publications/urban-ground-truths/ 

Peled R. (2011). Air pollution exposure: Who is at high risk? Atmospheric Environment, 45(10),  
1781–1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.001 

Peltzer DA. (2018). Ecology and consequences of invasion by non-native (wilding) conifers in New Zealand. Journal of New Zealand Grasslands, 80, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2018.80.359 

Penny G, Baker M, Skipper A, & Iti W. (2007a). Environmental Values and Observations of Change: A Survey with Ngati Whanaunga of Manaia. NIWA Client Report AQCC042. Wellington: Aranovus Research and NIWA. 

Penny G, Thorne F, & Iti W. (2007b). Environmental Values and Observations of Change: A Survey of Ngati Hikairo ki Kawhia. NIWA Client Report AQCC042. Wellington: Aranovus Research and NIWA. 

Perry GLW, Wilmshurst JM, & McGlone MS. (2014). Ecology and long-term history of fire in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 38(2). https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/3198  

Phillips C, Betts H, Smith HG, & Tsyplenkov A. (2024). Exploring the post-harvest ‘window of vulnerability’ to landslides in New Zealand steepland plantation forests. Ecological Engineering, 206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107300  

Phillips C, Bloomberg M, Marden M, & Lambie S. (2023). Tree root research in New Zealand: A retrospective ‘review’ with emphasis on soil reinforcement for soil conservation and wind firmness. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 53. https://doi.org/10.33494/nzjfs532023x177x 

Phillips C, Jackson A-M, & Hakopa H. (2016). Creation narratives of mahinga kai: Māori customary food-gathering sites and practices. MAI Journal 5(1): 63–75. https://doi.org/10.20507/MAIJournal.2016.5.1.5  

Phillips C, Marden M, & Basher L. (2017). Geomorphology and forest management in New Zealand’s erodible steeplands: An overview. Geomorphology, 307, 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.07.031 

Phillips CJ, Marden M, & Basher L. (2015). Inter-rotational forest planning forests and erosion protection: Getting to the root of the matter. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 60(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281411384 

Phillips N. (2007). Review of the Potential for Biomanipulation of Phytoplankton Abundance by Freshwater Mussels (Kakahi) in the Te Arawa Lakes. NIWA Client Report HAM2006-125 for Environment Bay of Plenty. https://www.boprc.govt.nz/media/34446/TechReports-070101-Reviewpotentialbiomanipulationphytoplanktonabundance.pdf 

Pinkerton M, Gall M, Throal F, Sutton P, & Wood S. (2023). Monitoring Ocean Health: 2023 Update on Satellite Indicators for Surface Temperature, Productivity and Suspended Solids. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/monitoring-ocean-health-2023-update-on-satellite-indicators-for-surface-temperature-productivity-and-suspended-solids/ 

Plew DR, Zeldis JR, Dudley BD, Whitehead AL, Stevens LM, Robertson BM, & Robertson BP. (2020). Assessing the eutrophic susceptibility of New Zealand estuaries. Estuaries and Coasts, 43, 2015–2033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-020-00729-w 

PMCSA (Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor). (2019). Rethinking Plastics in Aotearoa New Zealand. https://www.pmcsa.ac.nz/topics/rethinking-plastics/ 

PMCSA (Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor). (2021). The Future of Commercial Fishing in Aotearoa New Zealand. https://www.pmcsa.ac.nz/topics/fish/  

PMCSA (Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor). (2023). Nitrates in Drinking Water. https://www.pmcsa.ac.nz/topics/nitrates/  

Pomare P, Tassell-Matamua N, Lindsay N, Masters-Awatere B, Dell K, Erueti B, & Te Rangi M. (2023). Te Mauri o te Kauri me te Ngahere: indigenous knowledge, te Taiao (the environment) and wellbeing. Knowledge cultures, 11(1), 55-83. https://doi.org/10.22381/kc11120234 

Pourzand F, Bolton A, Salter C, Hales S, & Woodward A. (2023). Health and climate change: Adaptation policy in Aotearoa New Zealand. The Lancet Regional Health–Western Pacific, 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100954 

Prein AF, Mooney PA, & Done J. (2023). The multi-scale interactions of atmospheric phenomenon in extreme and mean precipitation. Earth’s Future, 11, e2023EF003534. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF003534  

Pronger J, Price R, Schindler J. Roberston H, & West D. (2024). Estimating Carbon Emissions from Peatland Fires at Kaimaumau–Motutangi and Awarua Wetlands. Prepared for the Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/land-and-freshwater/wetlands/estimating-carbon-emissions-from-peatland-fires.pdf 

Protected species bycatch. (nd). Summary of observed captures.https://protectedspeciescaptures.nz/PSCv7/released/summary/ 

Public Health Agency. (2022). Principles for Healthy Urban Development. Wellington, Ministry of Health. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/2022-09/principles-for-healthy-urban-development-1sept.pdf  

Puddick J, Kelly L, & Wood S. (2022). Climate Change and Toxic Freshwater Cyanobacteria in Aotearoa New Zealand. https://www.esr.cri.nz/assets/Environmental-reports/Climate-Change-and-ToxicFreshwater-Cyanobacteria-in-Aotearoa-NZ-Cawthron-Report-3765.pdf 

Purdie H, Hughes J, Stewart E, & Espiner S. (2020). Implications of a changing alpine environment for geotourism: A case study from Aoraki/Mount Cook, New Zealand. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 29, 100235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.100235  

Purdie J. (2022). Modelling climate change impacts on inflows, lake storage and spill in snow-fed hydroelectric power catchments, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology (NZ) 61(2), 151–178. https://www.hydrologynz.org.nz/journal/volume-61-2022 

PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers). (nd). Future-proofing Sustainable Tourism in New Zealand Interview with: Vicki Watson, Chief Executive, The Aotearoa Circle. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/esg/esg-asia-pacific/publications-and-case-studies/future-proofing-sustainable-tourism-in-new-zealand.html 

PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers). (2023). Tourism Sector Climate Change Scenarios. https://www.pwc.co.nz/assets/2023-assets/insights-and-publications/aotearoa-circle-report-tourismscenarios.pdf 

Queen LE, Dean S, Stone D, Henderson R, & Renwick J. (2023). Spatiotemporal trends in near-natural New Zealand river flow. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 24(2), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-22-0037.1 

Rainforth H, & Harmsworth G. (2019). Kaupapa Māori Freshwater Assessments: A Summary of Iwi and Hapū-based Tools, Frameworks and Methods for Assessing Freshwater Environments. Perception Planning Ltd. https://www.nrc.govt.nz/media/n0ip2ksp/kaupapa-maori-assessments-final-jan-2019.pdf  

Rajan P, Natraj P, Kim M, Lee M, Jang YJ, Lee YJ, & Kim SC. (2024). Climate change impacts on and response strategies for kiwifruit production: A comprehensive review. Plants, 13(17), 2354. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172354  

Rapson GL, Murphy AL, & Smith AR. (2023). Invasive species over-stabilise the vegetation of a mobile dunefield, Manawatū, New Zealand, disrupting natural succession. Vegetation Classification and Survey, 4, 343–360. https://doi.org/10.3897/VCS.98391 

Regional Public Health. (2010). Healthy Open Spaces: A Summary of the Impact of Open Spaces on Health and Wellbeing. https://www.rph.org.nz/resources/publications/healthy-open-spaces-a-summary-of-the-impact-of-open-spaces-on-health-and-wellbeing.pdf  

Reid J, & Castka P. (2023). The impact of remote sensing on monitoring and reporting - The case of conformance systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136331  

Reid KJ, Rosier SM, Harrington LJ, King AD, & Lane TP. (2021). Extreme rainfall in New Zealand and its association with atmospheric rivers. Environmental Research Letters, 16(4), 044012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abeae0 

Reihana KR, Lyver PO, Gormley A, Younger M, Harcourt NA, Cox M, … & Innes J. (2023). Me ora te Ngāhere: Visioning forest health through an Indigenous biocultural lens. Pacific Conservation Biology, 30, PC22028. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC22028  

Renwick A. (2023). Climate extremes make NZ’s supply chains highly vulnerable – it’s time to rethink how we grow and ship food. The conversation. https://theconversation.com/climate-extremes-make-nzs-supply-chains-highly-vulnerable-its-time-to-rethink-how-we-grow-and-ship-food-209023 

Reserve Bank of New Zealand. (nd). Economic indicators. https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/statistics/series/economic-indicators  

Resilience to Nature’s Challenges. (2024). Policy Brief: Food Systems Security and Disaster Recovery. https://resiliencechallenge.nz/wp-content/uploads/Food-Security-and-Disaster-Recovery-Policy-Brief-FINAL.pdf  

Revell LE, Edkins NJ, Venugopal AU, Bhatti YA, Kozyniak KM, Davy PK, … & Coulson G. (2024). Marine aerosol in Aotearoa New Zealand: Implications for air quality, climate change and public health. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2024.2319753  

Rey F. (2021). Harmonizing erosion control and flood prevention with restoration of biodiversity through ecological engineering used for co-benefits nature-based solutions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011150 

Richardson SJ, King S, Rose AB, McGlone MS, & Holdaway RJ. (2018). Post-fire recovery of a dryland forest remnant in the Wither Hills, Marlborough. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 42(2), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.42.16  

RNZ (Radio New Zealand). (2024). Pollen, Asthma and Allergies. https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/2018923999/pollen-asthma-and-allergies  

Roberts JO, & Hendriks HR. (2022). Potential Climate Change Effects on New Zealand Marine Mammals: A Review. Prepared by the Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/drds366entire.pdf 

Roberts MJ, Camp J, Seddon J, Vidale PL, Hodges K, Vannière B, … & Wu L. (2020). Projected future changes in tropical cyclones using the CMIP6 HighResMIP Multimodel Ensemble. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(14). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088662 

Rodgers M, Mercier OR, Kiddle R, Pedersen Zari M, Neuhaus F, & Robertson N. (2023). Plants of place: Justice through (re)planting Aotearoa New Zealand’s urban natural heritage. Architecture_MPS, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.amps.2023v25i1.001 

Rolando C, Baillie B, Withers T, Bulman L, & Garrett L. (2016). Pesticide use in planted forests in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 61(2), 3–10. https://nzif.org.nz/nzif-journal/publications/downloadfulltext/22884 

Roques S, Martinez-Fernandez G, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Popova M, Denman S, Meale SJ, & Morgavi DP. (2024). Recent advances in enteric methane mitigation and the long road to sustainable ruminant production. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 12(1), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021022-024931 

Rowe DK. (2007). Exotic fish introductions and the decline of water clarity in small North Island, New Zealand lakes: A multi-species problem. Hydrobiologia, 583(1), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0646-1 

Royal Society | Te Apārangi. (2014). Challenges for Pest Management in New Zealand. https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/assets/documents/Challenges-for-pest-management-in-NZ.pdf 

Royal Society | Te Apārangi. (2016). Climate Change Implications for New Zealand. https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/assets/documents/Climate-change-implications-for-NZ-2016-report-web3.pdf  

Royal Society | Te Apārangi. (2017). Human Health Impacts of Climate Change for New Zealand. https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/assets/documents/Report-Human-Health-Impacts-of-Climate-Change-for-New-Zealand-Oct-2017.pdf  

Ruffell H, Pantos O, Robinson B, & Gaw S. (2021). Wastewater treatment plant effluents in New Zealand are a significant source of microplastics to the environment. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 57(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2021.1988647  

Ruffell H, Pantos O, Robinson B, & Gaw S. (2025). Quantification of microplastics in biowastes including biosolids, compost, and vermicompost destined for land application. Water Emerging Contaminants and Nanoplastics, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2024.65  

Ruiz-Arias, JA. (2021). Aerosol transmittance for clear-sky solar irradiance models: Review and validation of an accurate universal parameterization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 145, 111061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111061 

Ruru I, Shivnan S, Clarke C, Farrant S, Lowe M, Afoa E, … & Farmer, R. (2022). Implementing Mahinga Kai as a Māori Freshwater Value. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/Implementing-mahinga-kai-as-a-Maori-freshwater-value.pdf  

Rutledge DT, Price R, Ross C, Hewitt A, Webb T, & Briggs C. (2010). Thought for food: Impacts of urbanisation trends on soil resource availability in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, 241–246. https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2010.72.2789 

Sabetian A, Zhang J, Campbell M, Walter R, Allen H, Reid M, Wijenayake M, & Lilkendey J. (2021). Fish nearshore habitat-use patterns as ecological indicators of nursery quality. Ecological Indicators, 131(108225). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108225.  

Sabih A, Russell C, & Chang CL. (2020). Thunderstorm-related asthma can occur in New Zealand. Respirology Case Reports, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/rcr2.655 

Sakai T, Uchino O, Nagai T, Liley B, Morino I, & Fujimoto T. (2016). Long-term variation of stratospheric aerosols observed with lidars over Tsukuba, Japan, from 1982 and Lauder, New Zealand, from 1992 to 2015. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121, 10283–10293. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025132 

Salinger MJ, Diamond HJ, Behrens E, Fernandez D, Fitzharris BB, Herold N, … & Trought MCT. (2020). Unparalleled coupled ocean-atmosphere summer heatwaves in the New Zealand region: Drivers, mechanisms and impacts. Climatic Change, 162(2), 485–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02730-5 

Salinger MJ, Diamond HJ, Bell J, Behrens E, Fitzharris BB, Herod N, … & Trought MCT. (2023). Coupled ocean-atmosphere summer heatwaves in the New Zealand region: An update. Weather & Climate, 42(1), 18–41, https://doi.org/10.2307/27226713  

Salinger MJ, Renwick J, Behrens E, Mullan AB, Diamond HJ, Sirguey P, … & Sutton PJ. (2019). The unprecedented coupled ocean-atmosphere summer heatwave in the New Zealand region 2017/18: Drivers, mechanisms and impacts. Environmental Research Letters, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab012a 

Salmond NH, & Wing SR. (2022). Sub-lethal and lethal effects of chronic and extreme multiple stressors on a critical New Zealand bivalve under hypoxia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 703, 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2022.151696 

Schallenberg M, De Winton MD, Verburg P, Kelly DJ, Hamill KD, & Hamilton DP. (2013). Ecosystem services of lakes. In JR Dymond (Ed), Ecosystem Services in New Zealand: Conditions and Trends  
(pp 203–225). Manaaki Whenua Press. 

Schallenberg M, Hall CJ, & Burns CW. (2003). Consequences of climate-induced salinity increases on zooplankton abundance and diversity in coastal lakes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 173, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps251181 

Schofield, J. (2021). Effects of LED light on adult caddisflies at two rivers in Canterbury, New Zealand. [Master’s thesis, University of Canterbury]. http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/11154  

Semadeni-Davies A, Coulson G, Gadd J, Somervell E, Longely I, & Olivares G. (2021). Determining the Ecological and Air Quality Impacts of Particulate Matter from Brake and Tyre Wear and Road Surface Dust: Stage 1 – Literature Review and Recommendations for Developing New Emission Factors for New Zealand. New Zealand Transport Agency | Waka Kotahi Research Report 683. https://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/resources/research/reports/683/683-determining-the-ecological-and-air-quality-impacts-of-particulate-matter-from-brake-and-tyre-wear-and-road-surface-dust-summary.pdf  

Shears NT, Bowen MM, & Thoral F. (2024). Long-term warming and record-breaking marine heatwaves in the Hauraki Gulf, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,  
1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2024.2319100 

Shi J, Yan J, Wang S, Zhao S, Zhang M, Xu S, … & Yang H. (2022). Determinant of sea salt aerosol emission in the southern hemisphere in summer time. Earth and Space Science, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002529 

Siddiqua A, Hahladakis JN, & Al-Attiya WAKA. (2022). An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(39), 58514–58536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21578-z 

Sirvid P, Vink CJ, Fitzgerald BM, Wakelin MD, Rolfe JR, & Michel P. (2021). Conservation status of New Zealand Araneae (spiders), 2020. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs34entire.pdf  

Skilling D. (2022). Supply chains to the last bus stop on the planet: an international perspective on strengthening New Zealand’s supply chain resilience. Landfall Strategy Group. https://www.treasury.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2024-05/pc-inq-ier-supply-chains-to-the-last-bus-stop-on-the-planet.pdf  

Skipper A. (2018). Ka taki mai te māuru: When the nor’wester howls. Te Karaka, 78. https://deepsouthchallenge.co.nz/research-project/forecasting-weather-and-climate-extremes/  

Smith J & Hutchings J. (2024). Feeding indigenous Aotearoa better. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2024.2327420 

Smith HG, Neverman AJ, Betts H, & Spiekermann R. (2023). The influence of spatial patterns in rainfall on shallow landslides. Geomorphology, 437, 108795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108795  

Snelder TH, Whitehead AL, Fraser C, Larned ST, & Schallenberg M. (2020). Nitrogen loads to New Zealand aquatic receiving environments: Comparison with regulatory criteria. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 54(3), 527–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2020.1758168 

Snelder TH, Fraser C, Larned ST, Monaghan R, De Malmanche S, & Whitehead AL. (2021). Attribution of river water-quality trends to agricultural land use and climate variability in New Zealand. Marine and Freshwater Research, 73, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF21086 

Snelder T, Fraser C, & Whitehead A. (2022). Spatial modelling of lake water quality state: Incorporating monitoring data for the period 2016 to 2020 (No. 2021-15). LWP client report prepared for Ministry for the Environment. LWP, Christchurch. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/spatial-modelling-lake-water-quality.pdf 

South Wairarapa District Council. (nd). Wairarapa International Dark Sky Reserve. https://swdc.govt.nz/wairarapa-international-dark-sky-reserve/ 

Spada M, Jorba O, Pérez García-Pando C, Janjic Z, & Baldasano JM. (2015). On the evaluation of global sea-salt aerosol models at coastal/orographic sites. Atmospheric Environment, 101, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.019 

Sprague EI, & Wiser SK. (2024). Investigating a unifying ecosystem typology for all of New Zealand. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Client Report No. LC4514 prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/Investigating-a-unifying-ecosystem-typology-for-all-of-New-Zealand.pdf 

Stats NZ. (nd). Aotearoa Data Explorer. https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/ 

Stats NZ. (2021a). Imports account for half of New Zealand’s carbon footprint. https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/imports-account-for-half-of-new-zealands-carbon-footprint/ 

Stats NZ. (2021b). Environmental-economic accounts: Water physical stocks, year ended June 1995-2020. Environmental-economic accounts: Water physical stocks, year ended June 1995–2020/ 

Stats NZ (2022a). National population projections: 2022(base)–2073. https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/national-population-projections-2022base2073/ 

Stats NZ. (2022b). Building consents issued: May 2022. https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/building-consents-issued-may-2022 

Stats NZ. (2024a). National population estimates: At 31 December 2023. https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/national-population-estimates-at-31-december-2023 

Stats NZ. (2024b). Building consents issued: January 2024. https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/building-consents-issued-january-2024/  

Stats NZ. (2024c). 2023 Census population, dwelling, and housing highlights. https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-dwelling-and-housing-highlights 

Stats NZ. (2024d). Subnational population estimates: At 30 June 2024 (2018-base). https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/subnational-population-estimates-at-30-june-2024-2018-base/ 

Stats NZ. (2025). Tourism Satellite Account: Year ended March 2024. https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/tourism-satellite-account-year-ended-march-2024/  

Sterup KL. (2024). The nature of coastal light pollution and its relationship with morphological variation in a larval fish around Wellington, New Zealand. [Master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington]. https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.25130843  

Stevens HR, Beggs PJ, Graham PL, & Chang H-C. (2019). Hot and bothered? Associations between temperature and crime in Australia. International Journal of Biometeorology, 63, 747–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01689-y  

Stevenson B. (2022). Soil Health Indicators. Report prepared for the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/assets/Discover-Our-Research/Land/Soil-health-resilence/Report_soil-health-indicators.pdf  

Stewart M, Coe I, Taylor L, Watchorn C, Simmons W. (2020). Quick Pass Dune Vulnerability Assessment. Prepared for Christchurch city Council and Environment Canterbury. https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/content/dam/uoc-main-site/documents/pdfs/see-2023-geography-engagement-/Quick%20Pass%20Dune%20Vulnerability%20Assessment.pdf 

Stewart C, Young N, Kim N, Johnston D, & Turner R. (2022). Thunderstorm asthma: A review, risks for Aotearoa New Zealand, and health emergency management considerations. New Zealand Medical Journal, 135(1557), 49–63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35772112/ 

Stewart-Harawira MW. (2020). Troubled waters: Māori values and ethics for freshwater management and New Zealand’s freshwater crisis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1464  

Stone DA, Rosier SM, Bird L, Harrington LJ, Rana S, Stuart S, & Dean SM. (2022). The effect of experiment conditioning on estimates of human influence on extreme weather. Weather and Climate Extremes, 36, 100427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2022.100427 

Stone DA, Noble CJ, Bodeker GE, Dean SM, Harrington LJ, Rosier SM, … & Tradowsky JS. (2024). Cyclone Gabrielle as a design storm for northeastern Aotearoa New Zealand under anthropogenic warming. Earth's Future, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004772 

Stringer IAN, Hitchmough RA, Larivière M-C, Eyles AC, Teulon DAJ, Dale PJ, & Henderson RC. (2012). The conservation status of New Zealand Hemiptera. New Zealand Entomologist, 35(2), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2012.686314  

Strom J, Te Ao B, Rush E, & Mackay S. (2024). How has the cost of feeding New Zealand children well changed from 2018 to 2023? Monthly price changes of a modelled lower-cost healthy diet. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2024.2370882 

Su T, Li Z, Henao NR, Luan Q, & Yu F. (2024). Constraining effects of aerosol-cloud interaction by accounting for coupling between cloud and land surface. Science Advances, 10(21), eadl5044. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl5044 

Sun D, Li F, Jing Z, Hu S, & Zhang B. (2023). Frequent marine heatwaves hidden below the surface of the global ocean. Nature Geoscience, 16(12), 1099–1104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01325-w 

Tait A. (2019). Risk-exposure assessment of Department of Conservation (DOC) coastal locations to flooding from the sea. In Science for Conservation (Vol. 332). https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sfc332entire.pdf  

Talbot N. (2019). Air Quality and Societal Impacts from Predicted Climate Change in Auckland. https://knowledgeauckland.org.nz/media/1079/tr2019-013-air-quality-and-societal-impacts-climatechange-auckland-final.pdf  

Tapada A, Marques CS, Marques CP, & Costa C. (2021). Astrotourism: A literature review and framework for future research. Enlightening Tourism: A Pathmaking Journal, 11(2), 291–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/et.v11i2.5189  

Tasman District Council. (nd). Protect. Coastal Management Options. https://www.tasman.govt.nz/my-council/projects/coastal-management/coastal-management-options/protect  

Taumata Arowai. (2024). Drinking Water Regulation Report 2023. https://www.taumataarowai.govt.nz/assets/Water-services-insights-and-performance/Taumata-Arowai-Drinking-Water-Regulation-Report-2023_online.pdf 

Taura Y, van Schravendijk-Goodman C, & Clarkson B. (2017). Te reo o te repo: The voice of the wetland. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/uploads/public/Publications/Te-reo-o-te-repo/Te_Reo_o_Te_Repo_Voice_of_the_Wetland_complete_book.pdf  

Taura Y, van Schravendijk-Goodman C, & Clarkson B. (2021). Te Reo o te Repo – Kei Konei Tonu Au | The Voice of the Wetland – I Am Still Here. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/uploads/public/Publications/Te-reo-o-te-repo-vol-2/TRoTR-kei-konei-tonu-au-complete-handbook.pdf  

Te Manahuna Aoraki Project. (2022). Annual Report 2022. [Te Manahuna Aoraki Project]. https://www.temanahunaaoraki.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Te-Manahuna-Aoraki-Project-Annual-Report-2022-screen.pdf  

Teen R. (2024). Water-borne illnesses in Aotearoa New Zealand–past, present, future. https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2024-07/PMCSA-24-06-04-V1-OPMCSA-Internship-report-Water-borne-illnesses-in-Aotearoa-R-Teen-20-Jun-2024-V1-wcs.pdf 

Telfar-Barnard L, & Zhang J. (2021). The Impact of Respiratory Disease in New Zealand: 2020 Update. https://www.asthmafoundation.org.nz/assets/documents/Respiratory-Impact-report-final-2021Aug11.pdf  

The Treasury. (2023). Impacts from the North Island weather events. Information release. https://www.treasury.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2023-04/impacts-from-the-north-island-weather-events.pdf 

Thomas A, McDonald A, Renwick J, Tradowsky JS, Bodeker GE, & Rosier S. (2023). Increasing temperature extremes in New Zealand and their connection to synoptic circulation features. International Journal of Climatology, 43(3), 1251–1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7908 

Thomas A, McDonald A, Renwick J, Rosier S, Tradowsky JS, & Bodeker GE. (2024). Anthropogenic influence on precipitation in Aotearoa New Zealand with differing circulation types. Weather and Climate Extremes, 46, 100727. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2024.100727  

Thompson DWJ, Solomon S, Kushner PJ, England MH, Grise KM, & Karoly DJ. (2011). Signatures of the Antarctic ozone hole in southern hemisphere surface climate change. Nature Geoscience, 4(11), 741–749. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1296 

Thompson K. (2022). Valuing coastal blue-green infrastructure: Development of a dune system assessment methodology, Ōtautahi Christchurch, New Zealand. [Master’s thesis, University of Canterbury]. http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/14266 

Thomsen MS, Mondardini L, Alestra T, Gerrity S, Tait L, South PM, … & Schiel DR. (2019). Local extinction of bull kelp (Durvillaea spp.) due to a marine heatwave. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 84. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00084 

Thrush SF, Hewitt JE, Gladstone-Gallagher RV, Savage C, Lundquist C, O’Meara T, … & Pilditch C. (2021). Cumulative stressors reduce the self-regulating capacity of coastal ecosystems. Ecological Applications, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2223 

Tiatia-Seath J, Tupou T, & Fookes I. (2020). Climate change, mental health, and well-being for Pacific peoples: A literature review. Contemporary Pacific, 32(2), 400–430. https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2020.0035  

Timoti P, Lyver PO, Matamua R, Jones CJ, & Tahi BL. (2017). A representation of a Tuawhenua worldview guides environmental conservation. Ecology and Society, 22(4), 20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09768-220420  

Tipa G. (2009). Exploring indigenous understandings of river dynamics and river flows: A case from New Zealand. Environmental Communication, 3(1), 95–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524030802707818 

Tremblay LA, Pochon X, Baker V, Northcott GL, & Cahill P. (2019). A Review of Microplastics Risk: Implications for Environment Southland. https://www.envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/Reports/1902-ESRC207-A-review-of-microplastics-risk-implications-for-environment-southland-.pdf  

Trewick S, Hitchmough R, Rolfe JR, & Stringer I. (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand Onychophora (‘peripatus’ or velvet worm), 2018. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/nztcs26entire.pdf  

Trewick S, Hegg D, Morgan-Richards M, Murray T, Watts C, Johns PM, & Michel P. (2022). Conservation status of Orthoptera (wētā, crickets and grasshoppers) in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2022. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs39entire.pdf  

Tzoulas K, Korpela K, Venn S, Yli-Pelkonen V, Kaźmierczak A, Niemela J, & James P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001  

UCAR Center for Science Education. (nd). How Weather Affects Air Quality. https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/how-weather-affects-air-quality  

Ummenhofer CC, Gupta AS, & England MH. (2009). Causes of late twentieth-century trends in New Zealand precipitation. Journal of Climate, 22(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2323.1 

Underwood LH, van der Reis A, & Jeffs AG. (2023). Diet of snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) in green‐lipped mussel farms and adjacent soft‐sediment habitats. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 3(3), 268–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/aff2.113 

van Hamelsveld S, Kurenbach B, Paull DJ, Godsoe WA, Ferguson GC, & Heinemann JA. (2023). Indigenous food sources as vectors of Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistance. Environmental Pollution, 334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122155  

Vatsa P, & Renwick A. (2024). Food prices in New Zealand: Implications for feeding people better. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2024.2368788 

Vega E. (2024). The Abyss of Abundance: Consumer Overconsumption and the Road to Environmental Collapse. [Thesis, Fordham University]. https://research.library.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1162&context=environ_2015 

Venegas RM, Acevedo J, & Treml EA. (2023). Three decades of ocean warming impacts on marine ecosystems: A review and perspective. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105318  

Villamor GB, Wakelin SJ, Dunningham A, & Clinton PW. (2023). Climate change adaptation behaviour of forest growers in New Zealand: An application of protection motivation theory. Climatic Change, 176(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-022-03469-x  

Vishwanathan G, McDonald AJ, Noble C, Stone DA, Rosier S, Schuddeboom A, … & Bodeker G. (2024). Regional characteristics of extreme precipitation events over Aotearoa New Zealand. Weather and Climate Extremes, 44, 100687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2024.100687  

Waikato Regional Council. (nd). Weather and air quality. https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environment/air/weather-and-air/  

Waikato Regional Council. (2023). Response to Whangamarino Avian Botulism. https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/community/whats-happening/news/media-releases/response-to-whangamarino-avian-botulism/ 

Walker S, Price R, & Rutledge DT. (2008). New Zealand’s Remaining Indigenous Cover: Recent Changes and Biodiversity Protection Needs. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sfc284entire.pdf 

Walker K, Brook FJ, Barker GM, Roscoe DJ, Edwards E, Hitchmough RA, Rolfe JR, & Michel P. (2021). Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous terrestrial Gastropoda (slugs and snails), 2020 Part 2. Achatinellidae, Bothriembryontidae (pūpūharakeke), Euconulidae, Helicarionidae, Pupinidae and Vertiginidae. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs33entire.pdf  

Walker S, Harding MAC, & Loh G. (2023). The pattern of declines and local extinctions of endemic inland Lepidium species in the eastern South Island. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 47(1): 3547. https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3547  

Walker K, Walton K, Edwards ED, Hitchmough R, Payton IJ, Barker GM, & Michel P. (2024a). Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous terrestrial Gastropoda (slugs and snails). Part 3, Rhytididae (carnivorous snails), 2022. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs42entire.pdf  

Walker E, Jowett T, Whaanga H, & Wehi PM. (2024b). Cultural stewardship in urban spaces: Reviving Indigenous knowledge for the restoration of nature. People and Nature, 6(4), 1696-1712. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pan3.10683 

Wang S-J., & Zhou L-Y. (2019). Integrated impacts of climate change on glacier tourism. Advances in Climate Change Research, 10(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.006  

Warbrick I, Makiha R, Heke D, Hikuroa D, Awatere S, & Smith V. (2023). Te Maramataka: An indigenous system of attuning with the environment, and its role in modern health and well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032739  

Ward D, Early JW, Schnitzler FR, Hitchmough R, Rolfe JR, & Stringer I. (2017). Conservation status of New Zealand hymenoptera, 2014. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs18entire.pdf  

Warmenhoven T, Barnard T, Pohatu P, Garrett L, Porou T, Fitzgerald G, … & Ruru W. (2014). Climate Change and Community Resilience in the Waiapu Catchment. http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-resources/publications.aspx  

Water NZ (Water New Zealand). (2024). National Performance Review 2021/2022. https://www.waternz.org.nz/NationalPerformanceReview 

Watkins L, Aitken R, Robertson K, Thyne M, Williams J, & van Kerkhof R. (2021). Challenges, constraint and commitment to change. A New Zealand Consumer Lifestyles Study. University of Otago. https://www.otago.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/330947/challenge-constraint-and-commitment-to-change-a-new-zealand-consumer-lifestyles-study-832662.pdf 

Watt MS, Kirschbaum MUF, Moore JR, Pearce HG, Bulman LS, Brockerhoff EG, & Melia N. (2019). Assessment of multiple climate change effects on plantation forests in New Zealand. Forestry, 92(1),  
1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpy024 

Weinhäupl C, & Devenish-Nelson ES. (2024). Potential impacts of climate change on terrestrial Aotearoa New Zealand’s birds reveal high risk for endemic species. Biological Conservation, 296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110668 

White MP, Elliott LR, Gascon M, Roberts B, & Fleming LE. (2020). Blue space, health and well-being: A narrative overview and synthesis of potential benefits. Environmental Research, 191, 110169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110169 

Whitehead AL, Fraser C, Snelder TH, Walter K, Woodward S, & Zammit C. (2022). Water Quality State and Trends in New Zealand Rivers: Analyses of National Data Ending in 2020. NIWA Client Report 2021296CH prepared for Ministry for the Environment. https://environment.govt.nz/assets/publications/river-water-quality-state-and-trends.pdf 

WHO (World Health Organization). (2021). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen Dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345329 

Wickham L, Metcalfe J, Mason K, Science JP, Director KM, Woodward A, … & Nicoll R. (2023). Air Quality and Social Inequity in Aotearoa: A Preliminary Assessment. https://www.esr.cri.nz/digital-library/environmental-health-report-air-quality-and-social-inequity-in-aotearoa-a-preliminary-assessment/  

Wilcox M, McKay AM, Clifton TA, Marshall A. (2024). Te Tirohanga o Ngā Tohu: Taranaki Climate Resilience Tool Development. Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research report LC4441. https://deepsouthchallenge.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Te-Tirohanga-o-Nga-Tohu-Taranaki-Climate-Resilience-Tool-Development.pdf 

Winkelmann, H., Glazebrook, S., & France, E. (2019). Climate Change and the Law. https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/publications/speeches-and-papers/climate-change-and-the-law  

WMO (World Meteorological Organization). (2017). WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals (WMO-No. 1203). https://library.wmo.int/records/item/55797-wmo-guidelines-on-the-calculation-of-climate-normals 

WMO (World Meteorological Organization). (2022). Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022. https://csl.noaa.gov/assessments/ozone/2022/ 

WMO (World Meteorological Organization). (2024). WMO Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update (2024-2028). https://wmo.int/publication-series/wmo-global-annual-decadal-climate-update-2024-2028 

WMO (World Meteorological Organization). (2025). WMO confirms 2024 as warmest year on record at about 1.55°C above pre-industrial level. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-confirms-2024-warmest-year-record-about-155degc-above-pre-industrial-level 

Wood SA, Vandergoes MJ, Atalah J, Howarth JD, Waters S, Thomson-Laing G, … & Pearman JK. (2023). A national-scale trophic state analysis to prioritize lakes for restoration in Aotearoa New Zealand. Inland Waters, 13(3), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2023.2257457 

Wynyard M. (2016). The price of milk: Primitive accumulation and the New Zealand dairy industry. [PhD thesis, University of Auckland]. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/29483 

Wyse SV, Macinnis-Ng CMO, Burns BR, Clearwater MJ, & Schwendenmann L. (2013). Species assemblage patterns around a dominant emergent tree are associated with drought resistance. Tree Physiology, 33(12), 1269–1283. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt095  

Yan H, Li Q, Feng K, & Zhang L. (2023). The characteristics of PM emissions from construction sites during the earthwork and foundation stages: An empirical study evidence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(22), 62716–62732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26494-4 

Yeates GW, Zhao ZQ, Hitchmough RA, & Stringer IAN. (2012). The conservation status of New Zealand Nematoda. New Zealand Entomologist, 35(2), 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2012.686317  

Zhang Y, Zhao, J, Mavoa, S, & Smith M. (2024). Inequalities in urban green space distribution across priority population groups: Evidence from Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand. Cities, 149, 104972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.104972  

Zielinska-Dabkowska KM, & Xavia K. (2021). Looking up to the stars. A call for action to save New Zealand’s dark skies for future generations to come. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313472  

Zimmermann L, Gottlich S, Oehlmann J, Wagner M, & Volker, C. (2020). What are the drivers of microplastic toxicity? Comparing the toxicity of plastic chemicals and particles to Daphnia magna. Environmental Pollution, 267, 115392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115392