References

Aquaculture New Zealand (2012). New Zealand aquaculture: A sector overview with key facts, statistics and trends. Available from http://aquaculture.org.nz.

Aqualinc Research (2010). Update of water allocation data and estimate of actual water use of consented takes 2009–10. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Report no H10002/3. Available from www.mfe.govt.nz.

Baird, S, Wood, B, MacDiarmid, A, & Thompson, D (2012). Review of threats to New Zealand’s marine environment. Prepared for the Department of Conservation. Wellington: NIWA.

Baker, CS, Chilvers, BL, Constantine, R, DuFresne, S, Mattlin, RH, van Helden, A, & Hitchmough, R (2010). Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia ), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 101–115.

Ballantine, DJ & Davies-Colley, RJ (2014). Water quality trends in New Zealand rivers: 1989–2009. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(3), 1939–1950.

Bates, NR, Astor, YM, Church, MJ, Currie, K, Dore, JE, González-Dávila, M, … Santana-Casiano, JM (2014). A time-series view of changing ocean chemistry due to ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO₂ and ocean acidification.  Oceanography, 27(1), 126–141.

Bay of Plenty Regional Council (2014). Stream health assessments: A comparison of stream health assessments using scientific and cultural indices in the Te Arawa/Rotorua Lakes region. Environmental publication 2014/08. Available from www.boprc.govt.nz.

Black, J & Tilney, R (2015).  Monitoring New Zealand’s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries: 1989–1990 to 2010–2011. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report 142. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.

Boren, LJ, Morrissey, M, Muller, CG, & Gemmell, NJ (2006). Entanglement of New Zealand fur seals in man-made debris at Kaikoura, New Zealand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 442–446.

Brown, K, Innes, J, & Shorten, R (1993). Evidence that possums prey on and scavenge birds’ eggs, birds and mammals. Notornis, 40 (3),169–177. Available from http://notornis.osnz.org.nz.

Brown, MA, Stephens, RT, Peart, R, & Fedder, B (2015). Vanishing nature: Facing New Zealand’s biodiversity crisis. Auckland: Environmental Defence Society.

Buckley, T, Boyer, S, Bartlam, S, Hitchmough, R, Rolfe, J, & Stringer, I (2015). Conservation status of New Zealand earthworms, 2014. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 10. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Campbell, KL, Wilson K-J, & Ogilvie S (2008). Notes on the breeding biology of kereru (New Zealand pigeon, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) on Banks Peninsula, South Is, New Zealand.  Notornis, 55(2), 98–100. Available from http://notornis.osnz.org.nz.

Chung, JS, Schriever, G, Sharma, R, & Yamazaki, T (Eds) (2002). Deep seabed mining environment: Preliminary engineering and environmental assessment. Report for the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers. Available from www.isope.org.

Church, JA & White, NJ (2011). Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century. Surveys in Geophysics, 32, 585–602.

Ciais, P, Sabine, C, Bala, G, Bopp, L, Brovkin, V, Canadell, J, … Thornton, P (2013). Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. In Stocker, T, Qin, D, Plattner, G, Tignor, M, Allen, S, Boschung, J … Midgley, P (Eds), Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Croxall, J, Butchart, S, Lascelles, B, Stattersfield, A, Sullivan, B, Symes, A, & Taylor, P (2012). Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: A global assessment. Bird Conservation International, 22(01), 1–34.

Currey, RJC, Boren, LJ, Sharp, BR, & Peterson, D (2012). A risk assessment of threats to Maui’s dolphins. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries and Department of Conservation.

DairyNZ (2014). New Zealand dairy statistics 2013–14 (p8). Available from www.dairynz.co.nz/dairystatistics.

Davies‐Colley, RJ, Smith, G, Ward, R C, Bryers, GG, McBride, G B, Quinn, J M, & Scarsbrook, MR (2011). Twenty years of New Zealand’s National Rivers Water Quality Network: Benefits of careful design and consistent operation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, (47) 4, 750–771. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.

Davies-Colley, RJ (2013). River quality in New Zealand: An introduction and overview. In Dymond, JR (Ed). Ecosystem services in New Zealand – conditions and trends. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, pp 432–447.

de Lange, P, Norton, D, Heenan, P, Courtney, S, Molloy, B, Ogle, C, … Hitchmough, R (2004). Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand.  New Zealand Journal of Botany, (42) 1, 45–76. Available from http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz.

de Lange, PJ, Rolfe, JR, Champion, PD, Courtney, SP, Heenan, PB, Barkla, JW, … Hitchmough, RA (2013). Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Wellington: Department of Conservation.

Department of Conservation (2005). Hihi/stitchbird (Notiomystis cincta) recovery plan 2004–09. Threatened species recovery plan 54. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Department of Conservation (2013). Hector’s and Maui dolphin incident database. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Department of Conservation (2015a). New Zealand's marine environment. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Department of Conservation (2015b). Sperm whales. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Derraik, J (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 842–852.

Dymond, JR, Betts, HD, & Schierlitz, CS (2010). An erosion model for evaluating regional land-use scenarios. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25, 289–298.

Eriksen, M, Lebreton, LCM, Carson, HS, Thiel, M, Moore, CJ, Borerro, JC, … Reisser, J (2014). Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: More than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS ONE, 9(12). Available from www.plos.org/publications/journals.

Fabry, V, Seibel, B, Feely, R, & Orr, J (2008). Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65, 414–432. Available from http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org.

Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, … Bray, F (nd). GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 2013. Accessed 7 June 2015 from http://globocan.iarc.fr.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2014). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) series. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Freeman, D, Schnabel, K, Marshall, B, Gordon, D, Wing, S, Tracey, D, & Hitchmough, R (2014). Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Goodman, JM, Dunn, NR, Ravenscroft, PJ, Allibone, RM, Boubee, JAT, David, BO, … Rolfe, JR (2014). New Zealand Threat Classification Series 7. Wellington: Department of Conservation.

Gordon, DP (2013). New Zealand’s genetic diversity. In Dymond, JR (Ed).Ecosystem services in New Zealand – conditions and trends. Available from www.landcareresearch.co.nz.

Gordon, DP, Beaumont, J, MacDiarmid, A, Robertson, DA, & Ahyong, ST (2010). Marine biodiversity of Aotearoa New Zealand. PLoS ONE , 5 (8). Available from http://journals.plos.org.

Grainger, N, Collier, K, Hitchmough, R, Harding, J, Smith, B, & Sutherland, D (2014). Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater invertebrates, 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 8. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Hamner, RM, Oremus, M, Stanley, M, Brown, P, Constantine, R, & Baker, CS (2012). Estimating the abundance and effective population size of Maui’s dolphins using microsatellite genotypes in 2010–11, with retrospective matching to 2001–07. Auckland: Department of Conservation.

Haro, A, Dekker, W, & Bentley, N (2013). Independent review of the information available for monitoring trends and assessing the status of New Zealand freshwater eels. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.

Health Analysis & Information for Action (HAIFA) (2015). Climate change and health: Health analysis and information for action. Available from http://haifa.esr.cri.nz.

Hitchmough, R (2013). Summary of changes to the conservation status of taxa in the 2008–11 New Zealand Threat Classification System listing cycle. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 1. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Hitchmough, R, Anderson, P, Barr, B, Monks, J, Lettink, M, Reardon, J, …Whitaker, T (2013). Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 2. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Hitchmough, R, Bull, L, & Cromarty, P (2007). New Zealand Threat Classification System lists 2005. Wellington: Department of Conservation.

Holdaway, R, Wiser, S, & Williams, P (2012). Status assessment of New Zealand’s naturally uncommon ecosystems. Conservation Biology, 26(4), 619–629.

Horizons Regional Council (2004). Storm: Civil emergency, storm and flood report. Available from www.horizons.govt.nz.

Innes, J, Hay, R, Flux, I, Bradfield, H, & Jansen, P (1999). Successful recovery of North Island kokako Callaeas cinerea wilsoni populations, by adaptive management. Biological Conservation 87(2), 201–221.

Innes, J, Kelly, D, Overton, J, & Gillies, C (2010). Predation and other factors currently limiting New Zealand forest birds. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 34(1), 86–114. Available from http://newzealandecology.org.

Insurance Council of New Zealand (2014). Cost of disaster events in New Zealand. Available from www.icnz.org.nz.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). In Stocker, TF, Qin, D, Plattner, GK, Tignor, M, Allen, SK, Boschung, … Midgley, PM (Eds), Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available from www.ipcc.ch.

Jambeck, J, Geyer, R, Wilcox, C, Siegler, T, Perryman, M, Andrady, A, … Law, K (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768–771.

Lal, A, Ikeda, T, French, N, Baker, M, & Hales, S (2013). Climate variability, weather and enteric disease incidence in New Zealand: Time series analysis.  PLoS ONE 8(12), e83484. Available from http://journals.plos.org.

Larned, S, Snelder, T, Unwin, M, McBride, G, Verburg, P, & McMillan, H (2015). Analysis of water quality in New Zealand lakes and rivers. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.

Liley, JB, & McKenzie, RL (2007). Where on Earth has the highest UV? Available from www.niwa.co.nz.

Lowe, M (2013). Factors affecting the habitat usage of estuarine juvenile fish in northern New Zealand. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Science, The University of Auckland, 2013. Available from https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz.

MacDiarmid, A, Beaumont, J, Bostock, H, Bowden, D, Clark, M, Hadfield, M, …  Wysoczanski, R (2012a). Expert risk assessment of activities in the New Zealand exclusive economic zone and extended continental shelf. Prepared for Ministry for the Environment by NIWA. Available from www.mfe.govt.nz.

MacDiarmid, A, McKenzie, A, Sturman, J, Beaumont, J, Mikaloff-Fletcher, S, & Dunne, J (2012b). Assessment of anthropogenic threats to New Zealand marine habitats. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 93. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.

Mackay, AD (2008). Impacts of intensification of pastoral agriculture on soils: Current and emerging challenges and implications for future land uses. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 56(6), 281–288.

McDowell, RW, Houlbrooke, DJ, Muirhead, RW, Müller, K, Shepherd, M, & Cuttle, SP (2008). Grazed pastures and surface water quality. New York: Nova Science Publishers.

McLennan, J, Potter, M, Robertson, H, Wake, G, Colbourne, R, Dew, …Reid, J (1996). Role of predation in the decline of kiwi, Apteryx spp, in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 20(1), 27–35. Available from http://newzealandecology.org.

Mikaloff-Fletcher, SE, & Nichol, S (2014). Measurements of trace gases in well-mixed air at Baring Head: Trends in carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide andcarbon monoxide. Prepared for Ministry for the Environment by NIWA. Available from https://data.mfe.govt.nz.

Ministry for Primary Industries (2010). Pests and diseases. Available from www.biosecurity.govt.nz.

Ministry for Primary Industries (2013). Overview of ecological effects of aquaculture. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.

Ministry for Primary Industries (2014). Aquatic environment and biodiversity annual review 2014. Wellington: Fisheries Management Science Team, Ministry for Primary Industries.

Ministry for the Environment (1997). The state of New Zealand’s environment 1997. Available from www.mfe.govt.nz.

Ministry for the Environment (2007). Environment New Zealand 2007. Available from www.mfe.govt.nz.

Ministry for the Environment (2014). National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2014. Available from www.mfe.govt.nz.

Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2013). Chart 18 – New Zealand’s top exports – percentage contribution by sector, 2013. Available from www.mbie.govt.nz.

Ministry of Health (2014). Cancer: Historical summary 1948–2011. Available from www.health.govt.nz.

Ministry of Health (2015). Melanoma. Available from www.health.govt.nz.

Ministry of Transport (2015). Transport volume: Vehicle travel. Available from www.transport.govt.nz.

Mittermeier, R, Robles-Gil, P, Hoffmann, M, Pilgrim, J, Brooks, T, Mittermeier, C, …Fonseca, G (2004). Hotspots revisited: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered ecoregions. Mexico City, Mexico: CEMEX.

Morrison, M, Lowe, M, Grant, C, Smith, P, Carbines, G, Reed, J, …Brown, J (2014). Seagrass meadows as biodiversity and productivity hotspots. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No 137. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.

Morrison, M, Lowe, M, Parsons, D, Usmar, N, & McLeod, I (2009). A review of land-based effects on coastal fisheries and supporting biodiversity in New Zealand. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 37. Available from https://library.niwa.co.nz.

Mullan, AB, Carey-Smith, T, Griffiths, G, & Sood, A (2011). Scenarios of storminess and regional wind extremes under climate change. NIWA Client Report: WLG2010-31. Available from www.niwa.co.nz.

Mullan, AB, Stuart, SJ, Hadfield, MG, & Smith, MJ (2010). Report on the review of NIWA’s ‘seven-station’ temperature series. NIWA Information Series No 78. Available from www.niwa.co.nz.

Newman, DG (1994). Effects of a mouse, Mus musculus, eradication programme and habitat change on lizard populations of Mana Island, New Zealand, with special reference to McGregor’s skink, Cyclodina macgregori. New Zealand Journal of Zoology (21)4, 443–456. Available from http://www.tandfonline.com.

Newman, DG, Bell, BD, Bishop, PJ, Burns, RJ, Haigh, A, & Hitchmough, RA (2013). Conservation status of New Zealand frogs, 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 5. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals (2015). Petroleum. Available from www.nzpam.govt.nz.

NIWA (2007). El Niño and climate forecasting. Available from www.niwa.co.nz.

NIWA (2009). Risk of drought and extreme winds under climate change. Available from www.niwa.co.nz.

NIWA (2015). Data improvement report. Available from https://data.mfe.govt.nz.

Nugent, G, Whitford, J, Sweetapple, P, Duncan, R, & Holland, P (2010). Effect of one-hit control on the density of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and their impacts on native forest. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

O’Donnell, CFJ, Christie, JE, Lloyd, B, Parsons, S, & Hitchmough, R (2013). Conservation status of New Zealand bats, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 6. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (2011). Evaluating the use of 1080: Predators, poisons and silent forests. Available from www.pce.parliament.nz.

Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (2013). On a pathway to extinction? An investigation into the status and management of the longfin eel. Available from www.pce.parliament.nz.

Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (2015). The state of air quality in New Zealand: Commentary by the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment on the '2014 Air domain report'. Available from www.pce.parliament.nz.

Payton, I (2000). Damage to native forests. In Montague, TL (Ed), The brushtail possum: biology, impact and management of an introduced marsupial (pp111–125). Lincoln: Manaaki Whenua Press.

Petroleum Exploration and Production Association New Zealand (2015). Offshore drilling. Available from www.pepanz.com.

Powlesland, R, Merton, DV, & Cockrem, JF (2006). A parrot apart: The natural history of the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), and the context of its conservation management. Notornis 53 (1), 3–26. Available from http://notornis.osnz.org.nz.

Powlesland, RG, Wills, DE, August, ACL, & August, CK (2003). Effects of a 1080 operation on kaka and kereru survival and nesting success, Whirinaki Forest Park. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 27(2), 125–137. Available from http://newzealandecology.org.

Reisinger, A, Kitching, RL, Chiew, F, Hughes, L, Newton, PCD, Schuster, SS,… Whetton, P (2014). Australasia. In Field, CB, Barros, VR, Dokken, DJ, Mach, KJ,  Mastrandrea, MD, Bilir, TE, … White, LL (Eds), Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: Regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp 1371–1438, table 25–1). Available from https://ipcc-wg2.gov.

Rhein, M, Rintoul, SR, Aoki, S, Campos, E, Chambers, D, Feely, RA, … Wang, F (2013). Observations: Ocean. In Stocker, T, Qin, D, Plattner, G, Tignor, M, Allen, S, Boschung, J … Midgley, P (Eds), Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Robertson, HA, Dowding, JE, Elliott, GP, Hitchmough, RA, Miskelly, CM, O’Donnell, CFJ, … Taylor, GA (2013). Conservation status of New Zealand birds, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 4. Available from www.doc.govt.nz.

Robertson, BC & Chilvers, BL (2011). The population decline of the New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri: A review of possible causes. Mammal Review, 41(4), 253–275.

Sadlier, R (2000). Evidence of possums as predators of native animals. In Montague, TL (Ed), The brushtail possum: biology, impact and management of an introduced marsupial. Lincoln: Manaaki Whenua Press.

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2014). An updated synthesis of the impacts of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity. In Hennige, S, Roberts, JM, & Williamson, P (Eds), Technical Series No. 75. Available from www.cbd.int.

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2015). Aichi biodiversity targets. Available from www.cbd.int.

Stark, JD & Maxted, JR (2007). A user guide for the macroinvertebrate community index. Available from www.mfe.govt.nz.

Statistics NZ (nd). Estimated resident population for regional council areas, at 30 June (1996+) (Annual-Jun). [Population, Population Estimates – DPE]. Accessed 15 April 2015 from www.stats.govt.nz/infoshare.

Statistics NZ (2007). Principles and protocols for producers of Tier 1 statistics. Accessed 12 January 2015 from www.statisphere.govt.nz.

Statistics NZ (2012). National accounts. Available from www.stats.govt.nz.

Statistics NZ (2013a). 2013 Census. Accessed 3 November 2014 from www.stats.govt.nz/Census.

Statistics NZ (2013b). 2013 Census of Population and Dwellings. Unpublished data, Statistics NZ, Wellington.

Statistics NZ (2014). Overseas Merchandise Trade: December 2014. Available from www.stats.govt.nz.

St Clair, JHH (2011). The impacts of invasive rodents on island invertebrates. Biological Conservation, 144, 68–81.

Syvitski, JPM, Vorosmarty, CJ, Kettner, AJ, & Green, P (2005). Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science, 308, 376–380. Available from www.sciencemag.org/.

Taylor, GA (2000). Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand: Part A, threatened seabirds. Wellington: Department of Conservation.

Timperley, M (1983). Phosphorus in spring waters of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand. Chemical Geology,38(3–4), 287–306.

Tipa, G (2015). Creating and applying a cultural health index for assessing stream health. Unpublished report, Gail Tipa.

Tompkins, D, Brock, A, Jones, G, McBride, G, Tait, A, Benschop, J,… Slaney, D (2012). Modelling the impacts of climate change on infectious diseases in New Zealand. Available from http://haifa.esr.cri.nz.

Towns DR, Atkinson IAE, & Daugherty CH (2006). Have the harmful effects of introduced rats on islands been exaggerated? Biological Invasions (8)4, 863–891. Available from http://link.springer.com.

United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat (nd). Montreal Protocol – Achievements to date and challenges ahead. Accessed 5 June 2015 from http://ozone.unep.org.

Walling, DE (2008). The changing sediment loads of the world’s rivers. In Schmidt, J, Cochrane, T, Phillips, C, Elliott, S, Davies, T, & Basher, L (Eds), Sediment dynamics in changing environments. Available from http://ann_landreclam.sggw.pl.

Wilson, J (2013). History – Māori arrival and settlement. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Accessed 30 October 2014 from www.TeAra.govt.nz.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). Air quality guidelines. Global update 2005. Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Available from www.euro.who.int.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution – REVIHAAP project: Final technical report. Available from www.euro.who.int.