|
Waterborne illness in New Zealand |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pathogen |
Total incidence per 100,000 (corrected for under-reporting) |
Reported incidence per 100,000 (ESR 2004) |
% reported ( NZ Med J , 2000) |
Cases per annum |
Cost per case (1999 $) |
Proportion waterborne |
% hospitalised |
% mortality (based on EPA data) |
Average days off work |
Time off work ($000) |
Mortality ($000) |
Medical ($000) |
Total ($000) |
|
Campylobacteriosis |
3040 |
400 |
13% |
121,600 |
$533 |
10% |
0.3% |
0.005% |
5 |
$5,046 |
$1,216 |
$219 |
$6,481 |
|
E. coli O157 (VTEC) |
9 |
3 |
35% |
343 |
$60,000 |
20% |
12.0% |
0.4% |
6 |
$34 |
$549 |
$3,532 |
$4,114 |
|
Cryptosporidiosis |
200 |
20 |
10% |
8,000 |
$978 |
30% |
4.0% |
0.02% |
6 |
$1,195 |
$960 |
$192 |
$2,347 |
|
Giardiosis |
250 |
25 |
10% |
10,000 |
$855 |
20% |
2.0% |
0.02% |
5 |
$830 |
$800 |
$80 |
$1,710 |
|
Salmonellosis |
112 |
35 |
31% |
4,480 |
$526 |
5% |
1.0% |
0.02% |
3.5 |
$65 |
$90 |
$0 |
$118 |
|
Yersiniosis |
62 |
12 |
20% |
2,480 |
$891 |
10% |
0.5% |
9 |
$185 |
$0 |
$36 |
$221 |
|
|
Toxins (algae ...) |
414 |
207 |
50% |
16,560 |
$221 |
5% |
0.3% |
2 |
$137 |
$0 |
$46 |
$183 |
|
|
Virus (including hepatitis A) |
478 |
72 |
15% |
19,120 |
$204 |
2% |
0.0% |
0.002% |
2 |
$63 |
$15 |
$0 |
$78 |
|
$7,557 |
$3,629 |
$4,104 |
$15,253 |
||||||||||
Source: Adapted from Outcome Management Services Ltd, 2004.
Notes: This data is based on work published in the NZ Med J, 2000, V113 pp.278–84, Economic Cost to New Zealand of Food-borne Infectious Disease (Lake, Baker, Garrett, Scott, Scott) augmented with data from other sources as required:
- Annual Summary of Outbreaks in New Zealand, 2002, by ESR
- New Zealand Public Health surveillance Report Summer 2004
- www.cdc.gov (US Communicable Disease Unit)
- Information reviewed via personal communication with the Medical Officer of Health in MidCentral (Dr Donald Campbell)
Data modified from the above source is:
Cryptosporidiosis Time off-work estimated using Netherlands study: http://www.eurosurveillance.org
Cost per case estimated six days off work/7 x $581/week income + $2 million x 0.0002(fatality risk) + $2000 x 0.04 (hospital risk mainly applies to children)
Giarida As above using five days off work since it is a less aggressive organism
E. coli 0157 % water-borne calculated using CDC reported outbreaks ex US (30%), modified for New Zealand. Under-reporting is estimated ONLY
$60,000/case is highly dependant on number of children with kidney failure needing long-term dialysis. Costs using Walkerton data = (seven deaths @ $2 million/case + 27 dialysis cases costing $150,000/annum for 30 years).
Salmonella Risk associated with roof-collection systems where poultry have access to roof collection systems or other vectors (animal or wind) are involved.
Under-reporting Derived from the study above based on an English infectious intestinal study. Protozoa values derived from US CDC experience.
Table A2: Estimates of the annual background burden of water-borne disease in New Zealand
March 2021
© Ministry for the Environment